积极心理学视角下积极人格塑造的探究

心理学研究表明，人的一生要经历不同的人格发展阶段，人格的形成是一个动态发展变化的过程。中学阶段是人格发展舜口培养的关键时期。他们正处于身心急剧发展和自我意识由分化、矛盾逐渐走向整合的特殊时期；从生理理成熟到心理成熟的个体发展阶段，是个体一生发展历程中的“黄金时代”。他们的心理没有达到真正成熟的状态，而且在强大的升学压力下，十分容易出现人格障碍。中学生的人格障碍大致分为偏执型、分裂型、情感型、适应型和边缘型5种类型。积极心理学视野中的积极人格研究为当代中学生人格塑造指明了新的方向。积极心理学旨在把人类的积极品质应用到最前沿中来，发现和培养积极人格，而个体的优秀品质和个性特征也会渗透整个生活空间，从而对中学生的成长产生深远影响。因此，积极心理学有利于加强中学生积极人格的塑造，促使其具备适应现代社会发展的良好行为习惯和积极^格，从而从容应对自身生理和心理变化，适应激烈社会竞争，并且更有效率地学习，更健康地成长。     

成人人格障碍形成根源——基于E·H·Erikson心理社会发展理论探究

本文通过探究E·H·Erikson心理社会发展理论的阶段性任务和危机,认为成人人格障碍形成的根源是个体在人格形成关键期由于不恰当的心理社会环境导致个体认知、情感和行为受到严重损害而无法完成阶段任务,遭遇阶段危机,从而导致人格障碍的形成。     

Dabrowski的人格发展理论及其对超常教育的启示

Dabrowski侧重于从情感结构变化的角度阐释人格的发展,并指出,资质超常和创造力旺盛的个体表现为情感等方面的“极度兴奋性”,这些兴奋性是促使人格发展到较高级阶段的内在动力。该文对Dabrowski的人格发展理论进行介绍和分析,并探讨这种理论对超常教育的启示     

社会文化取向的人格思想及其对人格教育的启示

社会文化取向的人格思想强调个体所处的社会文化、亚文化环境及社会结构、社会制度对人格和行为的决定性作用。将人格置于更广阔的社会背景中,从动态的角度理解人格问题,引领我们从文化的视角来审视人格教育,对人格教育的发展进行反思。本文对社会文化取向人格思想进行述评,并思考其对现代人格教育的启示。     

社会文化取向的人格思想及其对人格教育的启示

社会文化取向的人格思想强调个体所处的社会文化、亚文化环境及社会结构、社会制度对人格和行为的决定性作用。将人格置于更广阔的社会背景中,从动态的角度理解人格问题,引领我们从文化的视角来审视人格教育,对人格教育的发展进行反思。本文对社会文化取向人格思想进行述评,并思考其对现代人格教育的启示。     

广义自身心理学人格发展理论述评

自身是人格的核心,其发展取决于个体遗传特征与自身对象环境的相互作用.如果自身对象人格健全,就能满足个体的自身对象需要,自身对象在满足个体自身对象需要方面不可避免的疏忽只会使个体遭受适度挫折,适度挫折促使个体通过变形性内化获得原来由自身对象为其行使的心理功能,从而形成自身结构.使自身--自身对象关系从原始走向成熟.广义自身心理学的人格发展理论超越了古典精神分析、自我心理学和对象关系理论的人格发展观,但过分强调早期自身对象关系对人格发展的决定作用,忽视个体遗传特征和社会文化因素对人格发展的影响.     

当代西方道德人格研究的两类取向

道德人格研究是西方道德心理学的新主题,主要有两类取向：特质取向和社会认知取向。特质取向把道德人格理解为与道德有关的人格特质,对道德榜样的自然概念和真实道德榜样的人格特征进行了大量研究。社会认知取向以社会认知图式、知识结构和认知－情感机制来解释道德人格,揭示了个体内部动态的心理过程。未来的道德人格研究要强调两类取向的结合,加强发展过程和影响因素研究,并注重多水平与多学科的整合。     

市场经济的发展与我国人格素质的提高

人格是人的基本的稳定的心理结构和过程,它组织着个体的经验并形成个体特有的行为对环境的反应。 经济形态与人格之间有着内在的必然联系,一定的经济形态对某种人格的生存起着基础的决定的作用,马克思曾具体提出不同经济形态会造就不同的人格。他认为自然经济形态下造就的是依附型人格;而商品经济形态下才出现独立型人格;到共产主义社会,会出现“全面发展”型人格。     

人格理论的系统发展观初探

文章以遗传论、精神动力论、学习论、特质论、社会文化及认知一情感系统理论为基础。利用系统科学中的系统论观点,对人格理论进行系统发展观分析。该观点将人格看作一个复杂的“大”系统,它包括外部系统和内部系统两部分。外部系统即外环境系统,内部系统则分为个体心理系统和个体行为系统,其核心是个体心理系统,它由认识系统、情意系统、自我系统及需要系统构成。人格的形成是内外两个系统相互作用、循环运动的结果。     

国外关系质量的社会比较研究综述

对国外关系质量的社会比较研究(主要是向下的社会比较)进行了综述，指出目前本领域的研究主要集中在四个方面：(1)个体进行社会比较的动机问题；(2)社会比较对个体的关系质量产生的积极效应；(3)人们对他人公开的向下比较行为的反应；(4)个体在社会比较倾向上的人格差异。同时，对社会比较研究未来的发展方向进行了预测。     

Books Received From August 1, 2010 to July 31, 2011

Word learning is a lifelong activity constrained by cognitive biases that people possess at particular points in development. Age of acquisition (AoA) is a psycholinguistic variable that may prove useful toward gauging the relative weighting of different phonological, semantic, and morphological factors at different phases of language acquisition and development. Our aim here was to evaluate AoA as a statistical tool for taking “snapshots” of cognitive development. We examined a large corpus of English nouns (n = 1,381) with AoA as the outcome variable in three separate multivariate regressions, encompassing different age ranges (early–middle–late). Predictors included perceptual (e.g., imagery), phonological (e.g., phonological neighborhood density), and lexical (e.g., word length) factors. Different combinations of predictors accounted for significant proportions of the variance for different AoA ranges (i.e., early–middle–late). For example, imageability and frequency are stronger predictors of early relative to late word learning. These corpus analyses support a hybrid model of word learning in which multiple perceptual and linguistic factors are differentially weighted over time. This statistical approach may provide independent corroboration of and motivation for experimental studies in language learning and cognitive development.     

DISPOSITIONAL INFLUENCES ON TRANSFER OF LEARNING IN MULTISTAGE TRAINING PROGRAMS

The training effectiveness literature has paid little attention to the potentially dynamic interaction of individual differences with various phases of training in determining ultimate training success. This study investigates the role of individual differences in explaining the transfer of learning from 1 phase of training to another among pilot trainees in a multistage, aviation training program. Using 3 of the Big Five factors (Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Openness to Experience), the results showed these measures to contribute to the prediction of the number of hours it took for trainees to attain their private pilot's license. Significant interactions between some of these measures and success on an earlier, simulator phase of the training program were also found. The results are discussed in terms of both the role of individual differences in training research as well as the broader issue of transfer of learning between phases of training.     

Infant Movement Motivation Questionnaire: Development of a measure evaluating infant characteristics relating to motor development in the first year of life

This paper highlights the development and testing of the Infant Movement Motivation Questionnaire (IMMQ), an instrument designed to evaluate qualities of infant characteristics that relate specifically to early motor development. The measurement development process included three phases: item generation, pilot testing and evaluation of acceptability and feasibility for parents and exploratory factor analysis. The resultant 27-item questionnaire is designed for completion by parents and contains four factors including Activity, Exploration, Motivation and Adaptability. Overall, the internal consistency of the IMMQ is 0.89 (Cronbach's alpha), with test–retest reliability measured at 0.92 (ICC, with 95% CI 0.83–0.96). Further work could be done to strengthen the individual factors; however it is adequate for use in its full form. The IMMQ can be used for clinical or research purposes, as well as an educational tool for parents.     

动机归因理论在成人学习中的应用

随着我国终身教育和学习化社会进程的推进,成人学习者的继续学习对社会发展具有重要意义。但由于在实际学习过程中存在着不可避免的学习障碍,成人学习者在遇到学习困难时的归因倾向直接影响他们的学习动机和学习效率。本文以韦纳的动机归因理论为基础,将着重阐述成人学习动机特点、成人学习动机归因中的现状及问题,并从成人教育者出发提出促进成人学习者恰当归因的建议,从而促进他们学习动机的增强。     

Phases of procedural learning and memory: characterisation with perceptual-motor sequence tasks

ABSTRACT

Procedural learning and memory has been conceptualised as consisting of cognitive and autonomous phases. Although the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) is a popular task used to study procedural memory (PM), it has not been used to explore the different phases of PM. The present study employed a modified SRTT and investigated whether it can distinguish phases of PM. Our results revealed that performance at the beginning of typing a repeating sequence was marked by a steep learning curve, followed by gradual improvements and ending in high performance levels without further improvement. Steep performance increases characterise the effortful learning of the cognitive phase, gradual increases at higher performances characterise emerging automatisation of the associative phase, and sustained highest performance characterises autonomous procedures when PM has formed. Our study presents an easy-to-use measure, capable of distinguishing phases of PM, and which can be useful to assess PM during brain development.     

Alice in Systems Wonderland: A Children's Systems Learning Guidebook Accompanying Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

The author proposes the development of systems learning guidebooks to accompany famous children's classic books. Children's classic books can make excellent bases for children's learning guidebooks on systems thinking and global ecology, because they are fun to read and well known worldwide. If such learning guidebooks are properly designed with humor and entertaining aspects, they could stimulate children to learn more about systems thinking. Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is chosen as a pilot case for developing such a children's guidebook. The systems learning guidebook that accompanies Alice's Wonderland shall be entitled Alice in Systems Wonderland and will help its readers look at the Alice's Wonderland story with a systems perspective.     

Ritual Education and Moral Development: A Comparison of Xunzi and Vygotsky

Xunzi’s 荀子 advocacy for moral education is well-documented; precisely how his program bolsters moral development, and why a program touting study of ritual could be effective, remain subjects of debate. I argue that these matters can be clarified by appealing to the theory of learning and development offered by Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky posited that development depends primarily on social interactions mediated by sociocultural tools that modify learners’ cognitive architecture, enabling increasingly sophisticated thought. Vygotsky’s theory is remarkably similar to Xunzi’s account of how studying and practicing ritual restructures learners’ moral psychology. Specifically, both Vygotsky and Xunzi offer nonnativist accounts of psychosocial development that emphasize the centrality of sociocultural tools for learning. This comparison yields a more nuanced and empirically supported interpretation of Xunzi’s account of moral education, as well as an account that has applications in contemporary work in moral education and development.     

A Chinese perspective on Kohlberg's theory of moral development

This essay uses the Chinese culture as an example to underline the culturally specific contextual problems regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development and to point to a new direction for cross-cultural research in this area. The Western view of man as an autonomous being who makes free and rational choices as a moral agent is clearly reflected in Kohlberg's stages of moral development as well as his methodology. The Confucian view of man as an integral part of an orderly universe with an innate moral sense to maintain harmony is quite different. Further, the preferred mode of resolving human conflict in China is reconciliation and collective decision making rather than individual choice, commitment, and responsibility as in the West. In the light of these fundamental differences in the two cultural traditions, an alternative to Kohlberg's theory is suggested.     

Mathematics instruction in Head Start: Nature,extent, and contributions to children's learning

This study employed the most recent (2006) cohort of the nationally representative Family and Child Experiences Survey (FACES) to explore the nature of mathematics instruction in Head Start and the child, family, and teacher factors that contribute to children's mathematics learning over the preschool year. In total, 2501 preschoolers and their families, as well as their teachers (n = 335), participated in the study from fall 2006 to spring 2007. Results showed that teachers reported frequent mathematics instruction, although direct observations did not entirely confirm this frequency. A variety of factors predicted children's mathematics knowledge at Head Start entry, and several – including instructional quality – were linked to learning over time. No thresholds in instructional quality emerged. Overall, this study provides new information about classroom mathematics instruction and child learning among the nation's most vulnerable early learners.     

The functions of moral philosophy

The conception of man as an economic animal is implied by the view that economic production is the determining “factor” or “sphere” of man or society. Against this conception can be put another, that of man as praxis. This takes account of man as a creative being, capable of realizing his freedom through his own activity. In this article the theory of the determining role of the “economic factor”, and the theory of factors in general have been examined. The economic interpretation of history, a variant of the theory of factors, has been acknowledged as partly true for the self‐alienated man and society, but the theory of factors in any variant has been found inadequate as a general theory of man, or society. The possibility of freedom cannot be reduced to the fact that the determining roles played by “factors”, vary, or to the hope that the economic “factor” can be subordinated to a “better” one. Man's freedom consists in his resolving the conflict of “factors”, and in realizing himself as an integral creative being, no longer split into independent and mutually opposed spheres.