大白鼠脑双侧内嗅区损伤在攻击、自卫行为和开阔场地活动上的作用

本工作使用36只成年雌性大白鼠,随意分成三组,第一组11只动物接受双侧内嗅区损伤的手术,第二组11只动物作为手术对照,第三组14只动物不作手术,为正常对照。 本工作由两个同时进行的实验组成。(1)观察动物对训练棒的攻击和自卫行为反应,分别计算术前和术后每只动物出现强反应的百分比。(2)开阔场地测试,记录动物在10分钟内走过的方格数,并观察其活动方式。实验结果表明,损伤后,攻击行为、自卫行为的强反应比例和方格数都比术前有显著增加(P<0.001;<0.01;<0.001)。损伤后的动物在两个实验上都有“冻结”、蜷伏、理毛和洗脸等动作的明显减少。在第一个实验中还发现,动物会表现出被训练棒出现的新异视觉刺激强烈吸引的异常现象。分析这些结果,可以了解,大白鼠内嗅区的主要功能之一可能与形成恐惧性情绪因素有关,并因而促进动物活动中的止动反应。在行使这些功能的过程中,视觉因素可能存在着微弱的影响。     

重型颅脑损伤围术期亚低温治疗路径——循证医学指导下的治疗抉择

早期动物实验研究表明亚低温能减轻脑损伤后的继发性损害,促进神经功能恢复,然而对其临床疗效不同研究结果不完全一致。本文应用循证医学思想,检索和评价国内外文献,为重型颅脑损伤患者制定了围术期亚低温实施方案。随访结果表明,亚低温可改善患者预后。     

重型颅脑损伤围术期亚低温治疗路径——循证医学指导下的治疗抉择

早期动物实验研究表明亚低温能减轻脑损伤后的继发性损害,促进神经功能恢复,然而对其临床疗效不同研究结果不完全一致.本文应用循证医学思想,检索和评价国内外文献,为重型颅脑损伤患者制定了围术期亚低温实施方案.随访结果表明,亚低温可改善患者预后.     

心理应激与DNA损害

心理应激不仅能使人的行为特征发生变化,而且也能使人的生理状况发生改变,因此,被认为是某些身心疾病的诱因。在此过程中,DNA损害是心理应激造成的最终结果之一。有关DNA损害,虽然以往的研究者以人或动物为对象进行了一系列急性应激和慢性应激的实验研究,但是,心理应激是如何造成DNA损害的过程还不清楚,具体的生理心理机制还未阐明。该文利用健康心理学提出的理论模型对此进行了分析,阐述了心理应激与DNA损害之间联系的可能的机制,强调了氧化应激在这一过程中的重要作用。同时,为临床制订预防疾病的干预措施提供了思路     

非稳态噪声对动物行为及心脏自由基损伤的影响

本研究用采集的多用木工机床和冲击电钻发出的噪声对 5天、1 0天和 2 0天三个噪声干扰组的动物进行干扰 ,以研究非稳态噪声对动物行为及心脏组织自由基损伤的影响。结果发现 ,非稳态噪声可引起动物旷场反应中走格数减少 ,站立及洗脸次数增加 ,并可诱发心脏组织的自由基反应 ,导致心脏组织的损害。因此得出结论 :①非稳态噪声可以对动物行为产生影响 ,并随着噪声暴露时间的延长而增强 ;②非稳态噪声可以造成心脏组织的自由基损伤。这一现象提示自由基损伤是介导噪声对心脏功能影响的重要因素之一。     

毒物动物实验资料外推到人的辩证思维

毒物动物实验资料外推到人的辩证思维河南省新乡市职业病防治研究所（４５３００３）方绍峰,周喜歧为了了解毒物毒性、毒作用机理以及寻求中毒的防治对策,毒理学工作者常常用动物做实验以获得毒物对动物的损害资料。这些资料对人类中毒的防治有一定的指导作用,然而,由...     

氟化物防龋引发的哲学思考

龋病被世界卫生组织(WHO)列为当代危害人类健康的三大非传染性疾病之一.氟化物可用于预防龋病已得到世界一直公认,但氟过量却可引起氟牙症、氟骨症等氟中毒性疾病,如何适度用氟一直是人们关心的问题.     

医学实验中的人性精神培养

实验动物是科研的重要生物资源,为科学实验提供了可靠的保障,使人们能顺利地研究和揭示人类生命现象的本质和疾病的机理,认识健康与疾病相互转化规律,并按照此规律创造防病治病的医学技术,为人类健康和提高生活质量服务,是科学研究的必要前提。然而,现在许多实验人员在对待实验动物方面还存在不少问题,如对动物的福利问题关注不够,在实验中对待动物不够人性化等。我们就这些问题展开探讨并提出相应的解决方法;在传统观念的基础上加以改善;减少动物在实验中的痛苦;培养动物实验中的人性精神。     

氟化物治疗骨质疏松症研究中的一些哲学思考

骨质疏松是Ｐｏｍｍｅｒ在 1885年提出的 ,随着历史的发展和技术的进步 ,人们对骨质疏松的认识不断深化。目前骨质疏松症被公认为是以骨量减少 ,骨的微观结构退化为特征的 ,致使骨的脆性增加以及易发生骨折的全身性骨骼疾病。临床上根据病因的不同将其分为原发性 ,继发性及特发性骨质疏松症三大类 ,虽然其病因及临床表现各不相同 ,但治疗及预防原则是基本一致的。 196 1年 ,氟化钠始用于Ｉ型骨质疏松症的治疗[1] ,30多年的临床观察证实氟化物能增加骨小梁骨量[2 ] 。而另一方面 ,长期过量摄入氟化物却可导致机体的损害 ,造成氟中毒[3] 。氟…     

碘缺乏及碘过量与甲状腺疾病的辩证关系

碘是人体必需的微量元素,是甲状腺激素合成的重要组成物质.碘摄入过少可导致碘缺乏,碘缺乏可导致地方性甲状腺肿、克汀病等.而碘过量可导致甲状腺功能减退症、自身免疫性甲状腺病和甲状腺癌发病率增加.碘缺乏和碘过量与甲状腺疾病存在辩证统一的关系.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.     

Books received

Analytical Psychology
Hinshaw, Robert (ed.) The Rock Rabbit and The Rainbow
Serrano, Miguel. C. G. Jung and Hermann Hesse: A Record of Two Friendships.
Kennedy, Roger. The Elusive Human Subject: A Psychoanalytic Theory of Subject Relations.
Molino, Anthony (ed.) Freely Associated: Encounters in Psychoanalysis with Christopher Bollas, Joyce McDougall, Michael Eigen, Adam Phillips, Nina Coltart
Sandler, J., Holder, A., Dare, C. & Dreher, A. U. Freud's Models of the Mind: An Introduction
Hunt, Celia & Sampson, Fiona (eds.) The Self on the Page: Theory and Practice of Creative Writing in Personal Development.
Evans, John. Active Analytic Group Therapy for Adolescents.
Furer, Manuel, Nersessian, Edward & Perri, Carmela (eds.) Controversies in Contemporary Psychoanalysis: Lectures from the Faculty of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute.
Harwood, Irene & Pines, Malcolm (eds.) Self Experiences in Group: Intersubjective and Self Psychological Pathways to Human Understanding.
Marrone, Mario. Attachment and Interaction.
Rothstein, Arnold. Psychoanalytic Technique and the Creation of Analytic Patients.
Srole, Leo, Millman, Ernest Joel. Personal History and Health: The Midtown Longitudinal Study, 1954–1974.
Ulanov, Ann & Barry. Cinderella and Her Sisters: The Envied and the Envying.     

ENLARGING THE INTERDISCIPLINARY CIRCLE: JOAN KOSS‐CHIOINO'S AND PHILIP HEFNER'S APPROACH TO SPIRITUAL TRANSFORMATION AND HEALING

In the current scientific age there exists in academia a certain reservation regarding, even a fear of contact with, controversial issues such as faith healing or shamanism or even spiritual transformation. Although classical medicine, neurobiology, and possibly even social circumstances and forces are recognized, researching the controversial issues evoked may be frowned upon and even be risky for one's academic career. Fortunately, Joan Koss‐Chioino, Philip Hefner, and their colleagues (anthropologists, artists, neuroscientists, physicians, psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists, theologians, and others) have not shrunk from doing so. The result, reviewed here in some detail, goes beyond what is common knowledge and points the way to further beneficial insights via open‐minded interdisciplinary research.     

CAREGIVER'S DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND YOUNG CHILDREN'S SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT DELAYS: A CROSS‐SECTIONAL STUDY IN POOR RURAL AREAS OF CHINA

Poverty and its associated factors put people at risk for depression. The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of depressive symptoms (DS) of primary caregivers and socioemotional development (SED) delays of young children in poor rural areas of China, and to explore the association between them. Cross‐sectional data of 2,664 children aged 3 to 35 months and their primary caregivers were used for analysis. Characteristics of the child, caregiver, and family were collected through face‐to‐face caregiver interviews. DS were assessed by the Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale (W.W. Zung, 1965, as cited in World Health Organization, 2016b ), and SED was evaluated by the Ages and Stage Questionnaires: Social‐Emotional (J. Squires, D. Bricker, & L. Potter, 1997). The χ² test, stratification analysis, and logistic regression analyses were used to explore the association. Among the caregivers, 40.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] [38.4, 42.1]), reported DS. Caregivers who were male, older and ethnic minorities as well as had a low level of education, a low family income, or more children were more likely to have DS. Of the children, 24.4% (95% CI [22.8, 26.0]) were recognized with SED delays. Older children displayed more delays than did younger children, but no significant differences between males and females were found. SED delays were significantly associated with mother outmigrating, male caregivers, older age, ethnic minorities, and low education or families with a single parent, low‐income, and having more children. Caregivers having DS, odds ratio (OR) = 2.40, 95% CI [1.99, 2.88], was a significant predictor of increased odds of SED delays; other factors were single‐parent family, OR = 1.99, 95% CI [1.37, 2.89], inadequate care, OR = 1.69, 95% CI [1.30, 2.21], physical punishment, OR = 1.61, 95% CI [1.33, 1.95], ethnic minorities, OR = 1.41, 95% CI [1.17, 1.71], and child age in months, OR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.02, 1.04], according to the logistic regression analysis. DS are prevalent among caregivers with young children in poor rural areas. Interventions to improve the mental health of caregivers and their parenting behaviors are needed to improve children's SED.     

On Theoretical Edges and Exclusionary Borders: Towards a Genealogy of “Analyzability” in Jungian Psychoanalysis1

An oft-repeated and largely unexamined assumption in Jungian psychoanalysis is the notion of “analyzability”, that is, of an individual's ability or present capacity to think symbolically. It is often taught that if someone is unable to think symbolically, a depth analysis is not possible. Such an individual may be more aptly suited for supportive psychotherapy, the argument goes, an experience that may very well lead to the development of the ego's capacity for symbolic thought but is not, in and of itself, a Jungian analysis. While this sort of categorical thinking has, at times, crossed over into ontological claims about individuals and groups, the notion of analyzability encountered in psychoanalytic theory and praxis is often cloaked in facially neutral language. The impact, however, has been anything but neutral in effect. In this paper, I propose a softening of our theoretical edges through a genealogy of the category of analyzability within the broader history of psychoanalysis. Through this excavation, I explore the contingent nature of the category of analyzability, how it has constricted knowledge, perpetuated inequality, and, more broadly, obscured ways of knowing. In so doing, I recover the radically democratic potential that lies at the heart of Jungian psychoanalysis.     

Ambiguity and contradiction: the outlines of Jung’s dialectics

This essay explores Jung’s thinking strategies, argumentation patterns, and concept formation processes, and reveals how they distinguish his work from normal present‐day science. Jung doesn’t much appreciate the law of noncontradiction, which is a cornerstone of classical logic, and he doesn’t refrain from using openly ambiguous theoretical terms. It will be pointed out that not only specific archetypes, but the notion of archetype itself, as well as other of Jung’s theoretical notions (energy, including libidinal energy, polarity, integration, wholeness, instinct, symbol, and so on), are consciously ambiguous and thus potentially contradictory. It is shown that this kind of dialectic research strategy and related contradiction‐tolerant and ambiguity‐tolerant methods connect his work to Post‐Kantian German Idealism, Schelling’s and Schopenhauer’s philosophy in particular. However, it was Hegel who, in his Science of Logic, presented a systematic overview of such dialectic principles of reasoning, which were, in the 19^th century, widely applied by German philosophers, theologians, and other scholars. Unfortunately, Jung decided not to study Hegel, but, instead, wrote derogatorily of his work. It will be argued that a Jungian who wants to be conscious of her own argumentation strategies and methods of concept formation should study Hegel’s complex and sophisticated dialectical logic. In addition, it is suggested that Jungian depth psychology might help us to amend the phenomenological deficits of Hegel’s system by providing it with a primal experiential source. This is needed because Hegel’s Geist, due to its intellectual emphasis, is a self‐conscious conceptual totality which advances progressively from stage to stage by guiding itself with the help of dialectical reason (Vernunft). It will be shown that if enriched with a proper kind of experiential givenness, which includes the Jungian unconsciousness (with libidinal energy, instincts, and archetypes), Hegelian metaphysics would be able to embrace a seriously aconceptual or preconceptual dimension. Aconceptual experience, which is, for Jung, mainly the instinctual layer of archetypes, remains essentially inaccessible, not only for normal scientific concepts, but for the concepts of any form of dialectics as well.     

Book reviews

Books reviewed:
Kalsched, Donald, The Inner World of Trauma: Archetypal Defenses of the Personal Spirit.
Von Franz, Marie-Louise. The Cat: A Tale of Feminine Redemption.
Vedfelt, Ole, The Dimensions of Dreams: The Nature, Function, and Interpretation of Dreams.
Spiegelman, J. M, Psychology and Religion at the Millennium and Beyond.
Waddell, Margot, Inside Lives, Psychoanalysis and the Growth of the Personality.     

Response expectancy theory and application: A decennial review

Response expectancy is the anticipation of automatic, subjective, and behavioral responses to particular situational cues. More than a decade of research in diverse laboratories indicates that response expectancies are important considerations in designing and administering treatments and prevention programs for such problems as anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse, and sexual dysfunction. Response expectancy also plays a central role in the effects of antidepressive medication, psychotherapy, and hypnosis. In addition, studies of the effects of placebos reveal that response expectancies can produce lasting changes in pain, anxiety, depression, alertness, tension, sexual arousal, alcohol craving and consumption, aggression, asthma, warts, and contact dermatitis. The veracity of many self-reported placebo effects have been corroborated by changes in physiological function.     

“And Let Us Make Us a Name”: Reflections on the Future of the Religion and Health Field

After years of marginality, research on religion and health is entering the academic mainstream. Scholarship on this topic has evolved into a large, productive field. As in any emerging field, there are competing visions for what the field should be about and what research questions should be pursued. Different opinions exist as to which constructs should be researched. Words like religion, spirituality, faith, and prayer, and health, healing, medicine, and healthcare, imply different things. The study of their various interconnections can thus take myriad forms. This article argues for a welcoming approach open to the widest range of research subjects. An earlier version of this article was presented as a Visiting Scholar Seminar, Duke Center for Spirituality, Theology, and Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, March 6, 2008.     

Xunzi Versus Zhuangzi: Two Approaches to Death in Classical Chinese Thought

The contrasting approaches to death and bereavement in classical Confucianism and Daoism epitomize the different orientations of the two ethical traditions. Confucianism, here represented by Xunzi, interprets and manages death and bereavement through distinctive cultural practices, specifically rituals and associated norms of propriety, which are intended to bring order, harmony, and beauty to human events and conduct. Daoism, here represented by the Zhuangzi, contextualizes and copes with death and loss through an understanding of and identification with natural processes. Both approaches address death and bereavement through a systematic, naturalistic philosophy of life that makes no appeal to a conception of divinity or a personal afterlife. For Xunzi, the heart of this system is ritual propriety, through which all human affairs—including inevitable, natural events such as death—must be mediated. For the Zhuangzi, by contrast, rigid, ritualized cultural forms are an obstacle to coping efficiently with natural processes such as death. Rather than constructing a sphere of “the human” as distinct from “the natural,” the Zhuangzi urges us to situate the human within nature in a way that removes the opposition between the two. This essay contrasts and critiques the two approaches, contending that although Xunzi’s theory of ritual presents a plausible account of the relation between humanity, culture, and nature, it fails to address death appropriately as an inexorable, natural event. By contrast, the Zhuangzi presents an attractive way of relating human life and death to nature and thus perhaps offers a means of finding solace concerning death. The essay suggests, however, that the Zhuangist stance may be grounded primarily in a certain ethical or aesthetic attitude, rather than in an objectively compelling argument. Ultimately, both approaches may rest as much on contrasting ethical and aesthetic sensibilities as on rational argumentation.