人类空间记忆和空间巡航

人类如何表征周围环境的空间结构信息,如何利用记忆中的空间表征来指导个体在环境中的空间活动,已成为认知心理学、神经科学、地理学以及人工智能研究的重要课题。文章综述了作者负责的实验室及其合作者近年来在视觉空间信息表征、基于运动的空间表征更新,以及认知系统中的不同空间信息处理模块等方面的研究工作,对以上问题及其内在的认知机制问题进行了初步的探讨     

空间认知风格及其与空间能力的关系

人们完成各种空间任务时都表现出了显著的个体差异, 空间认知风格可以帮助解释这种差异。空间认知风格分为三种类型：界标型--只能表征显著的视觉特征, 不能表征相关空间信息, 空间能力最低; 路线型--可以表征显著的视觉特征和继时性的空间信息; 整体型--能够表征显著的视觉特征、继时性和同时性的空间信息, 空间能力最高, 且男性和低焦虑感水平的个体更多的属于该类型。根据空间认知风格, 更有针对性地指导学习者, 将有助于提高人们的空间能力。     

习惯的空间术语对空间认知的影响

采用Levinson开创的旋转观察者的实验范式，考察了习惯的空间术语对非语言空间认知的影响。被试是南方和北方的大学生。结果表明，南方大学生和北方大学生在非语言的空间操作任务上所使用的参考框架存在显著差异，南方大学生更多地使用以观察者为中心的相对参考框架（前、后、左、右），北方大学生更多地使用以太阳升落和地球磁场为参照的绝对参考框架（东、西、南、北）。这种参考框架使用上的差异与他们习惯的空间术语一致。上述结果表明习惯的空间术语对非语言空间认知有重要影响。     

负数的空间表征引起的空间注意转移

本研究采用数字线索提示的刺激探测任务, 通过三个实验探讨负数的低水平加工能否,以及怎样引起空间注意的转移。实验一探讨只有负数单独呈现作为线索时能否引起空间注意的转移。结果表明：对负数绝对值大小的加工能引起空间注意的转移。实验二进一步探讨在正数、负数和零混合作为线索时能否引起空间注意的转移。结果表明：对负数数量大小的加工能引起空间注意的转移。实验三再次用正数, 负数和0三种数字混合作为探测刺激前的线索, 但仅对负数和零作为提示线索之后的探测刺激进行反应, 又一次得到了由有效提示线索所引发的对数字数量大小加工引起的空间注意的转移。本研究表明, 对负数的低水平加工可以引起空间注意的转移, 然而, 是对绝对值的加工还是数量大小的加工引起注意转移依赖于共同参与的其它数字加工产生的影响。     

Spatial intention-response compatibility

In the current investigation the assumption that intentions and actions are represented in the same medium or code (common coding hypothesis of intention and action) was tested and confirmed [Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 52 (1999) 1; Eur. J. Cognit. Psychol. 9 (1997) 129]. In two experiments it is shown that the intention to produce a spatial consequence in the environment to an otherwise spatially neutral stimulus leads to a shorter response, if the responses and the intended consequences share relative positions compared to a situation where this is not the case. In two control experiments it is ruled out that this spatial intention-response compatibility effect is due to an intention-independent expectancy of the consequences of the correct responses.     

空性的三方会谈

空性是宇宙的根本实相,佛学、老子、量子论各依自身的需要和目的分别进行了阐述。其三方的结论具有一定的可比性及哲学上的相似性。由此说明了她们对宇宙根本实相的认识具有深刻的统一性。     

Exposure to Spatial Cues Facilitates Visual Discrimination but Not Spatial Guidance

The performance in a radial-arm maze of two groups of rats with restricted access to extra-maze visual cues was studied. One group received extensive exposure to the visual environment of the maze, whereas the second group was never exposed to the environment, aside from their experience in the maze itself. Spatial exposure resulted in a slightly improved ability to discriminate between previously visited and unvisited spatial locations, which can be explained on the basis of general perceptual learning processes. However, there was no evidence that spatial exposure resulted in control of choices by the spatial relations among the maze locations. These results are discussed in terms of theories of spatial learning which appeal to perceptual learning and cognitive mapping.     

习惯空间术语对空间认知的影响再探

考察习惯的空间术语对空间认知的影响。实验1考察在有空间语言线索提示下南、北方被试空间认知的差异。结果表明,当给予空间语言线索提示时,南、北方被试都更多地以所提示的空间参考框架定向。但语言线索对南、北方被试影响不同。实验2考察非定向性的习惯空间术语对空间认知的影响。结果表明,“南下北上”的术语影响被试对空间的认知。     

类别关系判断中空间信息的内隐学习

采用“单-双任务”的研究范式探索视觉空间信息加工过程中是否存在内隐学习。通过比较“单-双”任务组被试在完成空间关系判断任务之后再认呈现的空间场景是否是曾在判断任务中经历过的反应数据来探讨类别空间关系判断中的内隐学习情况。研究结果证明：二维和三维情境中单任务组被试在类别空间关系判断过程中对空间背景信息的学习存在内隐学习, 且该学习过程还受到刺激情境特性的影响。     

道德概念垂直空间隐喻对空间关系判断的影响

本研究通过三个实验考察道德概念垂直空间隐喻对空间关系判断的影响。涉及的空间关系判断包括上下关系判断、远近关系判断和距离判断。研究结果显示：（1）上下判断中,在空间上方时,道德词的反应快于不道德词;在空间下方时,不道德词的反应快于道德词;（2）远近判断中,在空间上方时,个体更倾向于将道德词判断为"远",即道德词更偏上;在空间下方时,没有显著的偏向;（3）在距离判断中,个体对道德词的判断出现显著的向上偏移,对不道德词的判断则出现显著的向下偏移。由此得出结论：道德概念的垂直空间隐喻会影响个体对空间关系的判断,具体来说是"道德是上"的隐喻会导致空间关系判断产生"向上"的偏移效应;而"不道德是下"的隐喻则会导致空间关系判断产生"向下"的偏移效应。     

Spatial factors in metacontrast

Different mask ring widths, intercontour distances, mask durations, and interstimulus intervals were varied in a parametric manner. Results show decreasing amounts of metacontrast with increases in intercontour distance, and no significant effects of mask width or mask duration. The results provide support for monotonic metacontrast functions with maximum metacontrast at the offset of the target.     

Spatial perception and control

We investigated whether the perceived vanishing point of a moving stimulus becomes more accurate as one’s degree of control over the stimulus increases. Either alone or as a member of a pair, participants controlled the progression of a dot stimulus back and forth across a computer monitor. They did so via right and left buttonpresses that incremented the dot’s velocity rightward and leftward, respectively. The participants in the individual condition had control of both buttons. Those in the group condition had control of only one. As the participants slowed the dot to change its direction of travel, it unexpectedly disappeared. Localizations of the vanishing point became more accurate as the participants’ control over the dot increased. The data bridge a gap between accounts of localization error that rely solely on stimulus and cognitive factors, and accounts derived from research on action and spatial perception, which tend to rely on action-planning factors.     

习惯的空间术语对纳西族和汉族大学生空间参考框架的影响

以纳西族和汉族大学生为被试,采用摸箭头任务和动物排列任务等,考察纳西族大学生和汉族大学生习惯的空间术语是否不同,及其对空间参考框架的选择.结果表明,纳西族大学生比汉族大学生在判断物体空间位置时更多地使用绝对参考框架,云南的汉族大学生在判断物体空间位置时使用绝对和相对参考框架差异不显著,这与他们描述空间关系时习惯使用的术语一致.这一结果支持语言相对论.     

Spatial ability and handedness

The relationship between preferred handedness and spatial visualization was examined for 124 female and 229 male undergraduate students. Handedness and spatial ability were used in the design as continuous variables. Other variables examined were sex of subject and family history of sinistrality. Spatial ability was found to be systematically related to measured handedness, familial left-handedness, and sex of subject. Males outperformed females at all levels of handedness. The lowest performance was obtained by subjects who were either extremely left-handed or extremely right-handed. The highest scores were obtained by individuals with left-handed relatives and whose handedness scores were in the range considered mixed or slightly right-handed. The results suggest that decreased hemispheric specialization is associated with increased spatial ability.     

Spatial attention in vision

Summary Human observers can selectively allocate processing resources to different areas of the visual field within a single fixation. This spatial attention system may affect either the quality of information extraction or the decisions and responses based on this information. This paper reviews evidence from behavioral, single-unit, and event-related potential paradigms; the evidence suggests a relatively early locus of spatial attention.This research was supported by the U. S. Army Research Office under contract DAAG 29-83-K-0049. Portions of this paper were presented to the Conference on Attention and Action, Bielefeld, West Germany, in July 1985