朱熹哲学中“自然”概念的内涵和角色

"自然"不仅是道家哲学的重要术语,也是包括朱子在内的儒家哲学的重要术语。在朱熹看来,"自然"是指没有人欲掺杂或造作的,天理本体完全实现自己或者被实现的状态。这包括三种情形:形上本体的先天存在、动植物的当下和人符合天理的行为和实践。"自然"与"天理"的这种密切关系决定了只有符合"自然"的才可能是符合"天理"的,因此"自然"成为我们各类行为的参照标准、过程要求和境界目标,这是自然概念在朱子哲学中的重要意义。但是在"天理"的内涵和特性中,朱熹认为"当然"更切近人事,所以"当然"比"自然"更为重要,这决定了"自然"最终无法拥有像在道家哲学中一样显赫的地位。     

传统儒学"理欲之辨"的现代阐释与制度转换

实现人的欲求是社会实践的内在动机,满足生活需要是文明制度的根本目的。怎样将欲求转换成财富,进而以财富厚养民生,这是历史进步的永恒主题。对传统儒学“理欲之辨”的现代阐释,旨在通过正本清源的逻辑批判,将抽象的天理还原为具体的生理、心理、伦理和管理,并探索一条化情为理、转欲成力的价值创造道路。     

"义以生利"的现代启示

在中国传统文化中,“义利”观占据着相当重要的位置,而儒家“义以生利”、“见利思义”、“以义制利”的观点又处于中心地位,甚至统治地位。因而,孔子把“不义而且富贵”比作“浮云”。后世儒家片面发展了重义轻利的观点,至宋明时期变成了“存天理、灭人欲”的伦理观,从而压抑了人们的正常合理的欲望。这一思想发展到极至,很多人轻视利,“君子言义不言利”,甚至将商人一概目为“奸商”。     

德性之"仁"与规范之"仁"——简论早期儒家的"仁"说及其现代价值

"仁"是早期儒家学说中的重要范畴.这一范畴既表明了儒家所理解并推崇的最高德性,又界定了儒家所主张的人们生活中普遍适用的行为规范.在儒家学者看来,如果一个人在社会生活中能够自觉地坚持"由仁义行",其结果则可为"行仁义".换言之,一个人若能够具备由"仁"这一范畴所表达的美好德性,实践由"仁"这一范畴所界定的伦理规范,其行为就会是道德的行为,亦即能获取自己圆满的人生价值.在儒家学说中,这种以"仁"范畴表达和论释的人的美德与行为规范及二者统一的伦理思想,值得我们在新的时代条件下借鉴与思考.因为人的德性与人的德行统一,德性是德行的基础,具备良好的德性,可导引行为的道德;坚持德行,则可以完善和彰显人的美德,正是今天我们在现实生活中倡导与追求的伦理意识.而这样的伦理意识早已蕴含在儒家以"仁"范畴为中心建构起来的仁学系统之中.     

"日常生活世界"的道德秩序建构:先秦儒家的尝试

日常生活世界的道德秩序对于大多数人而言是理所当然的,但这种道德秩序是如何可能呢?本以先秦儒家的努力来尝试回答此问题：从先秦儒家对传统社会的伦理结构的认识,道德秩序的建构所应对的“欲”、“恶”的基本焦虑,以及传统道德秩序的“仁”—“礼”运行模式等方面来见证日常生活世界道德秩序的稳定性和规范化并非自然而然的,而是有一个自觉努力的建构的过程。     

评二程溶天理论、修养论为一体的伦理学说

生活于北宋中期的二程充满社会危机感,但反对变法,主张用加强封建道德修养的办法来克服社会危机。他们以封建伦理为中心,把天理论,人性论和修养论融于一炉,建立了新儒学体系。二程以混同一般与个别的关系和比附的手法,把封建道德天理化,同时吸收张载区别“天地之性”和“气质之性”的观点,提出“天命之性”和“气质之性”,在此基础上建立“存天理”、“灭人欲”的道德修养论。二程的道德思想在中国封建社会后期发生广泛而深刻的消极影响。     

戴震"仁"学考论

戴震对儒家"仁"学进行了细致且系统的考辨。在戴震看来,"仁"合于"道",根于"人伦日用",合本体、准则、德性于一,表现为:形上之"生生"、人伦之"欲无私"与人伦之"遂欲通情";"生生"是"欲无私"与"遂欲通情"的形上根基、"欲无私"与"遂欲通情"表现且确证"生生""遂欲通情"又是"欲无私"的推己及人;由"生生"而"欲无私"再"遂欲达情"乃"归于必然,适完其自然",三者圆融一体。这在发扬原始儒家"生生"之仁的同时,实现了原始儒家以"仁"统贯诸德的初衷,并通过对欲、理、仁关系的厘清和爱人、忠恕的新诠完成其对宋儒之仁的批判与孔孟之仁的超越,从而还"欲"于"仁",将伦理根植于生活,倡导了一种事实与价值合一、德性与幸福一致的伦理生活,开启儒家"仁"学一代新风。     

论李贽"童心说"的进步意义和历史局限

1602年,李贽这位"异端之尤"终以"敢倡乱道,惑世诬明"而获罪,惨死于狱中.此时,已经苦心经营了数百年的明王朝和它曾经极力维持的封建制度正在走向衰落.与政治上的衰败状况相适应,在意识形态领域,明王朝施行了严酷的专制统治.程朱理学由于对孔孟之道进行了充实加工,更加适合日益腐朽的地主阶级统治的需要,成为该时期的官方哲学.所谓"存天理,灭人欲"在理学家那里,只有代表了纲常名教和封建等级制度的"天理"才是人人必须遵守的"至善"与"永恒";而"人欲"则是"罪恶"和"危险"     

朱熹"禀气"说与人的道德先在性

朱熹强调后天的努力对个体人道德修养提高的重要性,故而他提出“存天理,灭人欲”的主张,但是不可否认朱熹在探讨个体人的道德水平高低时,认为“其气质有清浊偏正之殊,物欲有浅深厚薄之异”,认为人的道德和出生时的“禀气”有关,具有先在性,具有先天的因素。他从“禀五行之气”与“五常”、“禀气与人的善恶的先在性、用“禀气”论证人道德根性上的差异的先在性三个方面,用“禀气”说明了人的道德先在性。     

认识、情感以及欲求——对康德定言命令学说中诸能力之结合的反思

定言命令作为人的意志的最高原则,首先预设人具有认识、情感以及欲求这三种能力;其次预设低级欲求能力和高级欲求能力的区分。从低级欲求能力出发,人按照以偏好为基础的准则行动,从高级欲求能力出发,定言命令对这些准则进行检验,要求这些准则具有普遍的立法形式。敬重感标志着高级欲求能力的存在,广义的道德感有识别道德情境和直接驱动性的作用。人追求自身的幸福和自由,希望不受他人的阻碍,在道德法则的范围内,做想做的任何事情。然而,特定的激情和情欲会导致人丧失自我,这种丧失是在实践上最大的恶。由此,作者论证:自我拥有是康德实践哲学中最核心的概念,尽管康德在其生前公开出版的著作中尚未明确地提到这个概念。     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.