"鬼月"话"鬼"

每年阴历的七月,人们俗称“鬼月”,民间至今还流传“七月半,鬼乱窜”的迷信谚语。而七月十五的“中元节”,传言更为离奇,据说这天鬼魂全出,人们不可乱走,更忌出远门。倘若碰到鬼魂一年都将不吉利。鬼从何来?其实心理学家早就指出:一般来源于客观事物的突然出现,但却没有直接作用于人的感觉器官,而是头脑中所     

Exploring the Dimensionality of "Religiosity" and "Spirituality" in the Fetzer Multidimensional Measure

Reliable and valid measures of religiosity and spiritual dimensions appropriate for ethnically diverse groups are needed. I examine the factor structure of the relatively new Fetzer multidimensional measure (Fetzer Institute 1999). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) of national data collected in the 1998 General Social Survey are conducted to (1) test the fit of the proposed dimensionality of the Fetzer measure, specifically comparing the Fetzer structure with a simpler single-factor model suggested by preliminary exploratory factor analyses; and (2) evaluate ethnic differences in factor structure of the Fetzer items. Data from 1,201 adults, 1,019 whites and 182 African Americans, are examined to compare the fit of the multidimensional Fetzer model against an alternative single-factor ("unitary spirituality") model. CFA analyses indicated that only the Fetzer models had acceptable fit indices (NFI and/or NNFI approaching or reaching 0.90). Ethnic differences in loadings, while significant, were not substantively different. These findings suggest that a multidimensional measure like the Fetzer is useful for multiethnic research and that combining the daily spirituality and values/beliefs dimensions into a single factor provides a simpler model overall (compared to the Fetzer model separating these dimensions out) while providing acceptable fit.     

中文语境下的“心理”和“心理学”

“心”或“心理”等词语在汉语中有相当长的历史,对这些词语的理解反映了中国人关于“心理”的认识。中文的“心”往往不是指一种身体器官而是指人的思想、意念、情感、性情等,故“心理学”这三个汉字有极大的包容性。任何学科都摆脱不了社会文化的作用,中国心理学亦曾受到意识形态、科学主义和大众常识等方面的影响。近年中国学者对心理学自身的问题进行了反思。从某种意义上说,中国人对“心理”和“心理学”的理解或许有助于心理学的整合,并与其他国家的心理学一道发展出真正的人类心理学     

午夜破鬼

我十五岁那一年的秋天,农村的土地由集体经营转变为以户为单位的个体经营。农民们不仅分到土地,还分到了牲畜和一些生产工具。我的家族因为人口多,便分得了一头膘肥体壮的大骡子。那个时候,牲口是庄户人的心尖子,家族的所有人都特别爱惜这匹大骡子。经过商量,决定牲口交给细心的大伯喂养,每家按地亩分摊草料和费用,大伯不挣工钱,但牲口粪全部归他所有。伯母已故去多年,大伯的独女出嫁到十多里外的镇上,他每隔十天半月的就去女儿家转一圈,当天便回,很少留宿。冬天里的一个早晨,风刮得挺大。大伯要到女儿家去,便找到我家,嘱我如果他晚上回不来…     

关于《周易》经文"道""德"概念的思考

在《周易》经的部分中,"道"德"概念已开始出现。通过对《周易》经文"道"德"概念的分析,我们可以看到"道"德"概念无论以具体概念的形式,还是以抽象概念的形式出现在卦爻辞中,都体现了《周易》在理性思维的框架内,容纳了直观思维、形象思维等诸多思维方式的特点。     

Irrelevant differences in the "same"--"different" task

This article examines the effects of irrelevant information on the multidimensional "same"--"different" task. Subjects were instructed to compare two geometric figures with respect to certain attributes but to ignore other attributes in making the "same"--"different" decision. The irrelevant attributes were chosen in such a way that they could not easily be ignored to see how the existence of irrelevant differences would affect the comparison process. As expected, the overall latencies were longer than is usually found in tasks with no irrelevant differences. However, the nature of the comparison process appeared unchanged. The usual finding of a "fast-same" phenomenon persisted even when irrelevant information was present. The similarity of the results in this task to results in the "same"--"different" task with no irrelevant features supports the idea that the same comparison mechanism is used whether or not irrelevant differences are present in the stimulus pairs. The results suggest a more general-purpose comparison mechanism than is usually included in models of this task. Two-process models of visual comparisons are thus ruled out entirely. A modified version of Krueger's noisy-operator theory does appear consistent with the results.     

由凉亭古训所想到的……

广东省委党校图书馆前面有一古老的凉亭。凉亭斑驳陈旧 ,圆顶上长满了青苔。它虽不起眼 ,但显得古朴庄重 ,特别引人注意的是那柱子上镌刻着的五条古训 ,它那娟秀有力的隶体字透出中国传统美德固有的生命力。“仲尼之言曰自古皆有死民无信不立”。“仲尼”是孔子的字。这句话来自《论语·颜渊》。春秋之时 ,孔子目睹礼乐废弛 ,世风日下 ,一些士人蝇营狗苟 ,朝秦暮楚。他认为 :“人而无信 ,不知其可也。”(《论语·为政》)指出“主忠信”,“敬事而信”,“谨而信”,“言而有信”(《论语·学而》)。他强调 ,一个人有“信”,才能得到别人的任用 ,…     

论《易传》中的"道"

<易传>所谓"道",其存在形式为"形而上",其内在规定性为"阴阳",其主要功能为"变"与"生"."形而上",指<周易>古经中的卦爻画所蕴含的阴阳变易法则.<易传>透过卦爻符号的独特结构形式,将这一变易法则"演绎"为天地人三才统一的宇宙图式,同时又借助于这一符号系统,彰显出"生生不息"的宇宙本质.     

On "intention" in the definition of suicide

The need for a comprehensive nomenclature in suicidology is now well recognized. In this paper the focus is on the issue of intention, which is identified as an essential aspect of any definition of suicide and suicidal behavior primarily because of its distinction from accidental behavior. The distinction between the retrospective perspective of motives versus the prospective perspective of intentions is highlighted, and I argue that the latter is more closely related to suicidal behavior. Finally, while motives and intentions tend to be used together in research, there is a need for sound research to clarify the roles of intentions in order to better understand suicide and attempted suicide.     

缘复仇以明王义——《公羊传》“九世复仇”说辨正

在齐灭纪一事上,《公羊传》的作者贤齐襄公能复九世之仇,引起历世争讼。质疑者往往从事理与经义角度批评"九世复仇"为无稽之谈,却不明乎《公羊传》本以《春秋》为借事明义之书,托齐襄能为远祖复仇,实为张大复仇之义,并非真许复仇于九世之后。不过,一些学者以"复仇"违背"尊王"质疑"九世复仇"的观点恰恰补正了《公羊》学者历来在诠释"九世复仇"时的阙如。一方面,"尊王"首先意味着"尊天子",若推本公羊学诞生的历史情境,认为"九世复仇"隐含了导向"仇天子"之抽象可能亦未为不可;另一方面,《公羊传》所谓"尊王"本非尊时王,而是尊王道、王义,故"复仇"不仅不违背尊王,而是以推明王道正义于"无王"之世为最终目的。     

《论语》中"直"的哲学意蕴

<论语>中的"直"作为君子人格的一个基本特征,包含着"学"、"知"的前提.以事实解说<论语>中的"直",以家国伦理矛盾、德法冲突解释"直"都有一定的局限性."直"在<论语>中具有人性论、道德论、认识论、政治论等哲学意蕴.     

方术迷信的"灵验"揭秘

方术作为中华神秘文化的一个重要的组成部分,是一种既不同于宗教又与宗教有联系的企图借助于“鬼神”等神秘力量来消灾免祸、延年益寿、添财加福的可操作性的东西,如八卦术、算命术、风水术、占梦术、测字术、巫术等。 方术尽管是唯心的不可相信的东西,在历代也遭到了一些人的攻击和批判,然而为何屡不绝迹,有时甚至风靡一时、影响很大,即使在今天仍然有其市场呢?其中一个重要的原因在于一些人认为方术“灵验”。 方术“灵验”的原因是什么?到底是哪些因素