上下级工作场所精神性匹配与下级主动行为的关系

基于上下级匹配理论,本研究探讨了上下级工作场所精神性匹配与下级主动行为的关系。采用多项式回归与响应面分析技术,对收集的129对“领导者?员工”配对数据进行分析,结果表明：（1）在上下级工作场所精神性一致的情况下,上下级工作场所精神性一致程度与下级主动行为呈倒U型关系;（2）在上下级工作场所精神性不一致的情况下,当下级工作场所精神性高于上级时,下级会表现出更多的主动行为。     

宽恕与人格特征关系的研究综述

宽恕是积极心理学研究的最热点内容之一,大量研究都表明宽恕与个体的人格特征具有密切的关系。本文详细探讨了宽恕与大五人格、共情、自尊及宗教性和精神性等人格特征之间的关系,最后对宽恕与人格的研究进行了总结和研究展望。     

国外精神性研究述评

随着精神性对社会的意义越来越被人们所重视,心理学对精神性的讨论也越来越热烈。本文从精神性的研究历程将其分为宗教的精神性、人文的精神性以及科学的精神性,同时对目前国外科学精神性的相关研究和方法进行阐述,最后对精神性研究存在的问题加以总结述评并对今后研究提出展望。     

工作场所文明行为：从内隐的自我提升到外显的组织优化

工作场所文明行为是一种在组织文化下, 基于社会和组织角色义务的, 传达礼貌和尊重的主动性行为, 是一种向内要求自我控制, 向外主张尊重传达的行为, 它对于个体自身性格的塑造、组织中人际关系的改善以及文明氛围的培养都具有积极意义。在员工-员工、领导-下属、员工-顾客等关系中, 工作场所文明行为发挥着增进同事情谊、促进合作、增强领导力、建立信任、提升绩效等作用。未来的研究应该进一步厘清工作场所文明行为与不文明行为的关系, 运用动态视角研究它们发生、发展和被感知的机制, 以及这两种行为能否相互转化等问题。     

工作幸福感：概念、测量水平与因果模型

工作幸福感是个体工作目标和潜能充分实现的心理感受及愉悦体验, 是一个需要组织和个人持久努力和投资的动态过程, 包括工作投入、心流体验、工作旺盛感、工作满意度、工作积极情感等宽泛的结构。有必要从暂时、个体和单元三个水平对工作幸福感进行研究。随着研究方法的进展, 工作幸福感的研究呈现出个体差异和个体内波动结合的趋势。工作幸福感多水平动态形成机制模型整合了组织和工作环境因素、个人特征以及人与环境的交互作用, 体现了工作幸福感的动态特征, 解释了人类基本心理需要的满足是工作幸福感形成的心理机制。外溢?交叉动态模型解释了幸福感在不同生活领域的外溢以及在工作团队成员或家庭配偶之间的传递, 有助于推动工作幸福感不同测量水平的效应研究。未来需要通过实证研究检验工作幸福感的动态因果模型, 探讨不同水平的工作幸福感对绩效的影响机制, 更多地研究心流体验、心理旺盛感、高兴和自豪等工作幸福感指标, 加强对工作幸福感的干预研究。     

伦理学中人的镜像

人作为伦理学的研究主体,其本质或特征究竟是什么,构成了伦理学研究必须解决的一个前提性课题。人与动物的区别在于,人能够通过使用语言和文字,形成一种与感性世界拉开距离的强大的抽象能力,因而人是一种自然生物与文化精神的二元存在。作为自然生物,人与其他哺乳动物一样,其生理活动受制于同一的进化进程;作为精神存在,人能够在一定意义上摆脱自然因果性的链条,形成一种自由自主的行为决断。在伦理学看来,人的本质就在于他的这种精神性,而精神性又体现为两个层面:一方面,人是能够自由选择的主体;另一方面,人又是能够道德行动的主体。道德本质上体现为不伤害他人、公正处事和必要时的驰援。作为人的精神性的两个方面,自由是现代道德的奠立基础,道德则为自由的持存和真正实现提供保障。     

浅析中国传统艺术的精神性——儒道释美学思想比较

儒道释三家思想可谓殊途同归,他们最终的目标始终是"天人合一"。由此看出,中国传统美学、中国传统艺术都非常重视作为世界主体的人,因而使得它们更富于主体性和精神性。儒家由天道入人道,推崇人的伦理秩序和博爱之心,是个体人格向精神向宇宙本体的融合。道家由人道入天道,追求绝对自由。禅宗追求的是人的心性与佛性在精神层面上的升华和统一,追求与大自然的融合,追求真正体验生命冲动和生命情调的审美意境。这其间,自然与人,宇宙与个体,主体与个体都在"天人合一"中找到了归宿和位置。而这一点正决定了中国传统美学的特质,决定了中国传统艺术的精神性。     

工作家庭间跨界增益:逻辑主线与模型

已有工作家庭界面研究主要立足于冲突视角,近年来部分研究开始从积极视角揭示工作家庭关系的本质。工作家庭增益强调角色资源的跨界渗溢有助提升个体另一角色表现和生活品质的程度。工作家庭资源会增强个体心理资源,进而影响体验工作家庭间的跨界增益,资源的累积循环与工作家庭增益互为持续保障,跨界增益的程度受到工作家庭边界特征的调节影响。论证和提出了"角色资源累积-个体心理因素改变-跨界增益-角色评价与投入"的逻辑主线,以此构建工作家庭间角色资源跨界增益模型。     

工作投入的概念、测量、前因与后效

工作投入是个体在工作中的一种积极的、完满的融入状态, 它是连接个体特质、工作因素和工作绩效的完美纽带, 是组织创造竞争优势的重要途径。通过梳理工作投入概念的起源和发展, 并将其与工作卷入、心流、专念等相似概念进行了比较, 提出了工作投入的整合概念, 即个体面对工作时产生的一种同时包含积极的情绪体验、谨敏的认知和高度激发的体能状态在内的、持久的心理行为状态。介绍了UWES量表、SMVM量表等主要的工作投入量表以及相应关于工作投入因素结构的不同理论观点, 并根据近年来的实证研究对工作投入的前因和后效变量进行了梳理和表格化呈现, 由此进一步对未来的研究方向提出了三点思考。     

工作卷入研究的新趋势

工作卷入的研究处于不断的发展之中.从复杂、泛化的多因素的概念与结构发展到简单、内化的单因素的概念与结构;从理论上关注个体评价过程到重视个体--环境相匹配的观点;从工作场所的卷入研究到非工作场所的卷入度研究;以及从原来的只有在美国的研究扩展到开始关注跨文化的比较研究.最后,文章还对今后研究的热点与方向进行了展望.     

Religion/spirituality and quality of life of international tertiary students in New Zealand: an exploratory study

Previous research links religion/spirituality to beneficial health outcomes, but the majority of these studies used samples from populations with long-term illness or older people. The present study explored whether the links between religion/spirituality and quality of life can be observed in a sample of younger adults, and also whether religion/spirituality could function as a coping mechanism in international tertiary students who are often subjected to significant stressors related to acculturation and being away from their families. The sample consisted of 218 domestic and 164 international students at a New Zealand university who were given the quality of life inventory and the additional special module about spirituality/religion/personal beliefs, both developed by the World Health Organization in collaboration with many member states. Religion/spirituality was significantly correlated with psychological quality of life in both groups, and social quality of life in international students. The results also show that religion/spirituality might function as a coping mechanism in international students in response to stressors of acculturation.     

Genetic and environmental influences and covariance among meaning in life,religiousness, and spirituality

Meaning in life, spirituality, and religiousness have been empirically linked in previous research. This study aimed to advance knowledge of the interrelations among these variables by examining their heritable and non-heritable sources of influence, as well as the genetic and environmental contributions to their inter-relations. A sample of 343 middle-aged twins drawn from the Minnesota Twin Registry completed measures of meaning in life and spirituality. There was evidence that religiousness, spirituality, and meaning in life shared common genetic and environmental influences, suggesting that these people's attitudes concerning these variables may arise from shared factors. These results provide novel evidence of a shared genetic substrate for meaning in life, religiousness, and spirituality, and support the possibility that people's basic attitudes about the meaning of existence are commonly rooted in evolved biological factors and conjointly influenced through people's experiences with life.     

Religion and Spirituality in Quality of Life Studies

The authors present their views on the current state of the art for research focused upon religion/spirituality and quality of life. Because of the undeniable influence of religion and spirituality at the macro-level of cultures, the internal and external worlds of individuals embedded in any culture are touched by religion and spirituality – even for individuals who deny any religious affiliation or beliefs. Religion and spirituality has already attracted attention from QOL researchers across a wide set of disciplines and should continue to do so in the future. The authors discuss approaches, topics and methodological issues that should be considered when researching religion/spirituality and QOL. Recommendations for future research are set in italics.     

Mental Health, Depression, and Dimensions of Spirituality and Religion

The author explores the relationship between spirituality and religion and human growth and development, specifically examining emotional well-being during adulthood. Dimensions of spirituality to be explored are meaning in life, a transcendent purpose, intrinsic values, and spiritual community. The argument is made that spirituality is related to emotional well-being during adulthood. Implications for further research and relevant information for counselors, psychologists, and educators are included.     

The spirituality of people with late-stage dementia: a review of the research literature,a critical analysis and some implications for person-centred spirituality and dementia care

If spirituality is fundamental to personhood, it must be as integral to the life of a person with dementia as to any other person. In this paper, the author uses a three-stage process to explore the features, meanings and significance of spirituality in late-stage dementia. First, a critical literature review is undertaken to evaluate the present state of research and its methodological limitations. The second stage of the argument comprises a critical analysis of the available models of how spirituality may persist beyond the loss of cognitive and communicative capacity, leading the elucidation of two dimensions to spirituality (duration over time and the role of social space) that can sometimes be overlooked. Finally, these findings are brought to bear on wider questions of how person-centred spiritual care may be offered to people with dementia and the role of shared social values in building spiritual resilience.     

The role of music in young adults’ spiritual development

Abstract

This article focuses on the role of spiritual music in Finnish young adults’ spirituality formation. The research data consist of interviews (2013, N = 10) and questionnaire answers (2011, N = 278). Spiritual music refers to music that the young adults themselves experienced supportive for their spirituality. The article indicates that the spiritual music enhanced young adults’ spirituality formation as the music was well related to the young adults’ current life questions and to experiences of early life span. According to the data, music offered tools for constructing personal world view and was experienced to strengthen confidence on higher power or life itself. As a mental resource, music had an important role in coping with life. As entertainment, spiritual music enhanced experiencing life as satisfying. As a part of public spiritual life, music advanced spiritual connection with other people. The role of spiritual music in spirituality formation was related to questions of spiritual well-being.     

From the ground up: cultural considerations in research into children’s spirituality and theology

Cultural diversity is a hallmark of human life and communities across the globe. Yet research into children’s spirituality and theology does not often intentionally consider culture. In this article, the author addresses this gap by drawing from original qualitative research into how children generate theological meaning in different cultural contexts in order to propose three suggestions for research into children’s spirituality and theology. By beginning with the lives of the children who participated in this study, the author argues that such research must explore not just the content of children’s theologies, but also the processes by which they generate theology, that one needs to consider children’s theologies as phenomena created and held both individually and collectively, and that culture must be attended to at every stage of the research process.     

Spirituality in Disability and Illness

Spirituality appears with increasing frequency in the research literature, and a paradigm involving mind-body-spirit interaction is emerging. The relationship of spirituality to disability and illness is at the center of a growing body of knowledge. A comprehensive literature review supported spirituality as coping method among individuals experiencing a variety of illnesses including hypertension, pulmonary disease, diabetes, chronic renal failure, surgery, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, HIV/AIDS, polio and addictive illnesses. Additionally, spirituality is a resource when dealing with critical illness as well as terminal illness and end of life issues, and it is utilized by both patients, and family members. Discussion of research findings, implications for health care practice and future research is also presented.