中-英双语语义通达机制的启动效应实验

采用不同加工水平的词汇判断任务,考察了启动刺激对目标刺激的启动效应,来探讨中英双语的语义通达机制。被试为大学生38名。结果发现：当启动刺激（英）和目标刺激（英）之间存在语义联想关系,得到了显著的启动效应（实验一）;当启动刺激（中）和目标刺激（英）之间存在语义联想关系,也得到了显著的跨语言启动效应（实验二）;当启动刺激（中）的翻译对等词和目标刺激（英）之间存在语音相同或相近关系时,采用基于语音的词汇判断任务,也得到了显著的跨语言启动效应。这一结果表明,对于中英双语者来说,第二语言的词汇表征既直接通达语义概念表征,又可以借助第一语言的词汇表征为中介再通达语义概念表征。     

熟练中-英双语者跨语言长时重复启动效应

采用跨语言长时重复启动范式探讨熟练中-英双语者的记忆表征模型。实验结果表明,在词义决定任务条件下,发现了跨语言重复启动效应（实验一）;在词汇决定任务条件下,没有发现跨语言重复启动效应（实验二）;在学习阶段完成概念任务、测验阶段完成词汇任务的条件下,没有发现跨语言重复启动效应（实验三）。总的实验结果表明,熟练中-英双语者可以不需经由汉语对等词而从英语单词直接获得概念表征,这一结果支持了概念调节模型的观点。     

不同任务类型对熟练维汉双语者跨语言启动不对称性的影响

采用两种不同的任务类型对熟练维汉双语者跨语言掩蔽翻译启动效应进行考察,结果发现,在词汇决定任务中,熟练维汉双语者在L1-L2和L2-L1两个方向上均表现出了掩蔽翻译启动效应,但L1-L2方向远大于L2-L1方向,即掩蔽翻译启动效应具有不对称性。而在语义分类任务中,熟练维汉双语者在两个方向上表现出的翻译启动效应量相近,具有对称性。结果支持Kroll的修正层级模型。     

The Roles of Semantic Sense and Form-Meaning Connection in Translation Priming

The Psychological Record - This study examines semantic sense and form-meaning connection across the bilingual’s languages as factors behind translation priming asymmetry, which refers to...     

Developmental Study of the Reversed Stroop Effect in Chinese-English Bilinguals

Chinese-English bilinguals in Grades 2, 4, 8, 10, and in college read Chinese and English color words in black or in colored print in the corresponding language. Subjects were more efficient in reading Chinese than English. This superiority effect of reading Chinese gradually decreased as subjects' familiarity with English increased. Furthermore, skilled readers were less susceptible than less skilled readers to the introduction of conflicting colors of ink. This result indicates that the pattern of the reversed Stroop (1935; Dunbar & MacLeod, 1984) effect is related to the proficiency of word processing.     

汉英双语者语言产生与理解过程中的切换研究

分别用图片命名和词汇判断的方法考察了汉英双语者的语言切换过程.实验一发现,当被试分别用英语和汉语对图片进行命名时,只有汉语出现了切换代价,而英语没有出现.在实验二中,当被试进行词汇判断时,切换代价的模式发生了根本的变化,只有英语出现了切换代价,而汉语没有出现.研究表明,双语者语言产生与理解中语言切换的认知过程有本质的差异.     

A Test of the Network Models of Political Priming

Extensive media coverage of a political issue has been shown to influence, or prime, the criteria used to judge overall performance of political leaders. This political priming effect is traditionally explained with network models of memory, which identify priming intensity and recency as key factors in determining the strength and endurance of a priming effect. However, these two assumptions of network models have not been directly tested in media studies. The potential of priming valence to influence the priming effect also has had little treatment. This experiment evaluated priming intensity, recency, and valence within a typical political priming context. In support of previous psychological findings, priming effects were apparent immediately following positively valenced primes, dissipating quickly thereafter. For negative primes, the influence of the prime on judgment formation was contingent on the individual's political leaning, in that individuals who would likely agree with the message exhibited priming effects and individuals who would likely disagree with the message exhibited little effect. The adequacy of applying associative memory models to political priming studies is discussed.     

中-英双语者词汇语义通达的大脑功能偏侧化与合作效应

采用半视野速示术对48名英语专业硕士研究生进行词汇判别的语义启动实验,检查中一英双语者词汇语义通达可能存在的大脑功能偏侧化与合作效应.结果提示:(1)相对熟练的中一英双语者L1(中文)和L2(英文)均可直接通达一个共同的词汇语义概念表征系统,但L1可以通过两半球,而L2可能主要依赖于大脑右半球;(2)跨语言条件出现了半球间语义通达的合作优势效应.     

A Test of the Effect of Reverse Speech on Priming

J. R. Vokey and J. D. Read (1985) indicated that listeners cannot consciously recognize backward messages but that some information can be obtained from reversed speech. If reverse speech has a powerful influence on language processing, as D. J. Oates (1991) has claimed, then one should be able to measure a reliable priming effect from reversed messages. Sixty undergraduate students listened to short messages presented either backward or forward. Immediately after listening to each message, they responded in a lexical decision task to a visually presented word that had either been present or had not been present in the preceding message. No priming effect was found for backward messages, although there was significant priming for forward messages. The results are not consistent with an effect of reverse speech on word processing.     

Repetition of Lexicalization Across Languages: A Further Test of the Locus of Priming

Wheeldon and Monsell (this issue) found that production of a word in response to a definition had a large and long-lasting facilitatory effect on latency for later production of the same word to name a pictured object, and that this priming effect was not due to repeated production of the phonological word-form per se. This paper reports a further test of the locus of the effect. Welsh-English bilinguals named pictured objects in Welsh. Half the words were primed either by their earlier production in Welsh in response to Welsh definitions or by production of their equivalents in English in response to English definitions. Substantial facilitation resulted from prior production in the same language, none from prior production in the other language—provided that the equivalents differed in phonological form. Given that priming results neither from repeated activation of a meaning when different phonological forms are produced, nor from repetition of the same phonological form in response to different meanings, the priming effect must be localized in the connection between a word's meaning and its phonological form. We also put forward an account of bilingual lexicalization that accommodates this result together with some evidence indicating that production of words in one language is not wholly insulated from the “availability” of words in the other.     

The Role of Age of Acquisition in Bilingual Word Translation: Evidence from Spanish-English Bilinguals

The present research tested the hypothesis that the age at which one’s first language (L1) words are learned influences language processing in bilinguals. Prior research on bilingual language processing by Kroll and colleagues has suggested that memory links between L1 words and conceptual representations are stronger than memory links between one’s second language (L2) word and conceptual representations. We hypothesized that the strengths of memory links between L1 words and conceptual representations are stronger for words learned early in life than for words learned later in life. Support for the hypothesis was obtained in bilingual translation experiment with 36 Spanish–English bilinguals. Participants translated L1 words into L2 and L2 words into L1. Half of the L1 words were learned early in childhood (early AoA words), and half were learned later in life (late AoA words). The L2 words were translation equivalents of the L1 words tested; the average age at which L2 words were learned was age 7. Target words were presented either in random order or blocked by semantic category. Translation times were longer when trials were blocked by semantic category (i.e., categorical interference) occurred only when early AoA L1 words were translated into L2. Implications for current models of bilingual memory are discussed.     

Metalinguistic Filters Within the Bilingual Language Faculty: A Study of Young English-Chinese Bilinguals

This study reports two metalinguistic parameters that constitute the schematic control of lateral inhibitory links between translation equivalents within the bilingual lexico-semantic system of Green’s (Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1:67–81, 1998a, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1:100–104, 1998b, The bilingualism reader, Routledge, London, 2007) inhibitory control (IC) model. Building on Green’s postulation that the bilingual lexico-semantic system is controlled by a hierarchy of schemas under a supervisory attentional system, the bilingual unconsciously filters activated lemmas during fluent spontaneous codeswitching, such that lemmas that are semantico-syntactically versatile or morphosyntactically transparent are likely to reach a threshold of activation first while other lemmas are inhibited. To investigate the issue, we collected code-paired naturalistic and elicited data with a focus on code-switched determiner phrases from 140 Mandarin-English simultaneous bilinguals who were post-secondary students in Singapore. We found that the semantico-syntactic and morpho-syntactic dissimilarities between Mandarin and English activated both filters. As most Mandarin determiners are economical vis-à-vis their English counterparts, their lemmas were selected frequently while English lemmas were largely inhibited. It was also found that our participants preferred English nouns in filling the lexical category for their interpretable feature of number, a feature that is normally absent in Mandarin nouns.     

Salesperson Burnout: A Test of the Coping-Mediational Model of Social Support

Salesperson burnout continues to be a major concern among sales organizations. In this work, the authors examine whether certain coping strategies mediate the impact of sales manager support on salesperson burnout; as suggested by Thoits’s (1986) Coping-Mediational Model. More specifcally, this work investigates if problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping mediate the impact of sales manager support on feelings of emotional exhaustion in a feld sales setting. Study fndings indicate that positive sales manager support has a signifcant negative direct effect on salespersons’ emotional exhaustion. Findings also support the assertion that sales manager support encourages salespersons’ use of problem-focused coping strategies that, in turn, further reduce emotional exhaustion. In contrast, sales manager support does not signifcantly infuence salespersons’ use of emotion-focused coping; however, emotion-focused coping does signifcantly increase emotional exhaustion.     

Determinants of Mediator Behavior: A Test of the Strategic Choice Model1

The present study simulated an organizational dispute to test 12 hypotheses about mediator behavior that were derived from the strategic choice model of mediation. This model is based on the assumption that mediators have four basic strategies to resolve disputes: (a) integrate, which involves a search for mutually acceptable outcomes; (b) press, which involves lowering one or both parties' aspirations; (c) compensate, which involves offering positive benefits in exchange for concessions; and (d) inaction, which involves letting the parties handle the dispute by themselves. The major proposition of the model is that two factors, the mediator's assessment of the likelihood of a mutually acceptable agreement and the mediator's concern for the parties' aspirations, interact to predict mediator behavior. Nine of the 12 hypotheses derived from the model were supported. Pressing by mediators occurred most when mediators had a low estimate of the likelihood of agreement in combination with a low concern for the parties' aspirations. Compensating occurred most when mediators had a low estimate of the likelihood of agreement in combination with a high concern for the parties' aspirations. Inaction occurred most when the mediators' estimate of the likelihood of agreement was high and their concern for the parties' aspirations was low. Integrating occurred most when the mediators had a high concern for the parties' aspirations.     

Self Priming: A Short term Benefit of Repetition

Burton, Bruce, and Johnston (1990) developed an interactive activation and competition (IAC) model of person recognition that gives a parsimonious account of semantic and repetition priming effects with seen faces and names. This model predicts that a familiarity decision to a person's name should be facilitated if the name is immediately preceded by the same person's face (or vice versa); Burton et al. (1990) called this effect 'self priming'. In three experiments, we explored properties of self priming predicted from Burton et al.'s (1990) IAC model. When each stimulus is seen on only one trial, the Burton et al. (1990) model predicts that within-domain self priming (e.g. name prime-name target) should produce more facilitation than cross-domain self priming (e.g. face prime-name target). This prediction was investigated in Experiments 1 and 2; results were consistent with it. Two further predictions from the Burton et al. (1990) model are that the amounts of withinand cross-domain self priming should not differ when subjects are primed to recognize the targets by prior encounters during the experiment, and that self priming should produce more facilitation than semantic priming. Results of Experiment 3 were again consistent with both predictions. We conclude that the Burton et al. (1990) IAC model stands the test of further rigorous examination.     

Embarrassment at Others' Failures: A Test of the Semin and Manstead Model

Abstract

Four studies were conducted with American college and noncollege populations, using a criterion measure of political activity, to compare overall (locus of control), political, and situation-specific believed efficacy. Subjects completed scales that examined both their feelings of efficacy and their political activity (e.g., voting and participating in demonstrations). Statistical analyses across all four studies confirmed the hypothesis that the more situation-specific the feelings of efficacy, the greater the predictability of political behavior. Thus, the believed efficacy of voting, for example, was a better predictor of voting than believed political efficacy was. Nevertheless, situation-specific efficacy did not predict behavior to an overwhelming degree, accounting for only 10% of the variance on the average; hence, other factors must be considered when examining political or other behavior.     

一个演绎推理难题对心理模型理论的验证

1　问题与目的1.1　问题的提出有一些被称之为“老实人—骗子”的逻辑推理问题 ,人们往往不能做出正确的推论。如 :有一个老实人和一个骗子 ,老实人永远说实话 ,骗子永远说假话 ,有一天他们在下象棋 ,分别说 :“一些平局是黑方先行的”“所有的平局都是黑方先行的”问 :是否可能 ,所有的平局都是黑方先行的 ?从逻辑的角度 ,正确的答案是“否”。但是 ,实际上人们却常常忽略了骗子所说的话 ,单凭某个老实人的话做出错误的推论。如上述问题 ,假定第一句话是老实人的话 ,由于这句话和结论可以同时为真 ,如果没有考虑骗子说的话 ,就做出了“是”…     

Aptitude Testing Inspired by Information Processing: A Test of the Four-Sources Model

The four-sources model of human abilities posits that individual differences in performance on cognitive tasks are due to differences in working-memory capacity, information-processing speed, the breadth of declarative knowledge, and the breadth of procedural knowledge. To test this model, 310 civilian volunteers were administered a 25-test battery, consisting of verbal, quantitative, and spatial tasks designed to reflect each of the four sources. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the variance-covariance matrix of test scores to test the four-sources model and plausible alternatives. The best-fitting model was one that included both the four-sources factors and three content factors. Hierarchical and nonhierarchical models fit about equally well. From additional data on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, latent-factor correlations suggested that working-memory capacity overlapped considerably with psychometric general ability (r = .99) and breadth of declarative knowledge overlapped with psychometric verbal ability (r = .97), but information-processing speed was distinct from psychometric perceptual speed (r = .16).     

A Test of a Revision of the Job Characteristics Model

This field study tested the GN-GO model of job growth opportunity, a modification of the job characteristics model, with dependent variables and a type of growth opportunity not hitherto investigated. As predicted by the model, employees with high growth need strength responded positively to a growth opportunity while those with low growth need strength did not. The data gave better support to the GN-GO model than to the job characteristics model.
Le champ de cette étude testa le modèle GN-GO des possibilités de promotion professionnelle, modèle modifié du job characteristics, avec des variables dépendantes et une dimension de la promotion professionnelle non encore explorée jusque là. Comme prévu par le modèle, les employés à fort désir de promotion répondent positivement à une opportunité de promotion tandis que ceux à faible désir de promotion ne le font pas. Les résultats donnent la primauté au modèle GN-GO par rapport au modèle job characteristics.