骨髓干细胞移植治疗1型糖尿病的理论与实践

胰岛移植作为治疗1型糖尿病较理想的方法,由于其供体不足而受到限制.干细胞具有极强的自我更新能力与多向分化潜能,可成为提供1型糖尿病胰岛β细胞良好的细胞来源.造血干细胞移植通过诱导免疫耐受,修复受损胰腺组织改善胰岛功能.间充质干细胞移植可分化为胰岛β细胞,且通过免疫调节改善胰岛细胞微环境.     

植入前组织配型孕育"救星同胞"的伦理思考

应用植入前遗传学诊断技术在胚胎植入母体子宫前,对人类白细胞组织相容性抗原配型检测,选择与现存患儿相同HLA配型的胚胎进行受孕,孕育一个组织配型相同的脐带血干细胞供者.在某种意义上说,该项技术的应用是创造人来获得移植组织,由此引发系列伦理争议.讨论孕育"救星同胞"这一医学实践内在需要的伦理规范.     

胃肠道干细胞

胃肠道是人体内各系统细胞更新频率最高的器官,其干细胞的增生分化也很旺盛。尽管胃肠道干细胞本身未分化成熟,其细胞表型无法确认而不利于鉴别,但随着一些干细胞标志物的发现及对细胞信号传导通路的不断了解,我们对胃肠道干细胞的调控机制的认识正在不断加深。胃肠道干细胞的基本特征:(1)胃肠道干细胞的数量、定位和组织起源;(2)胃肠道干细胞的主要功能,包括分化转化成胃肠道各成熟的细胞系及维持组织的动态平衡和稳定;(3)从其他组织的干细胞获得胃肠组织细胞系用以胃肠道疾病的治疗;(4)胃肠道组织癌变的基因变化及形态学观察。     

早年应激影响成年海马神经元再生的机制

成年海马神经元再生是指齿状回颗粒下区的神经干细胞发育为功能性神经元的过程。在生命的早期经历应激事件可损害成年期海马神经元再生,并引起学习记忆障碍。然而,目前关于早年应激影响成年海马神经元再生的机制研究主要集中在糖皮质激素及受体系统,其相关调节分子与机制有待深入研究。本文阐述了主要的应激因子(包括促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素及其受体等系统)在早年应激介导的成年海马神经元再生异常和海马重塑中的潜在作用。     

学习与脑可塑性的研究进展及其教育意义

脑可塑性是指脑在外界环境和经验的作用下不断塑造其结构和功能的能力.本文阐述了神经科学与认知神经科学关于学习影响动物脑与人脑结构与功能的研究进展.研究表明,学习与经验可以改变脑皮层的厚度与树突的结构,增加树突棘的数量,修饰其形状,对脑的功能代表区产生影响.学习与脑可塑性的多层面研究为理解学习的本质规律以及教育研究与实践提供重要的启示.     

干细胞研究中的伦理——中欧合作项目"生殖技术、治疗性干细胞和干细胞库的伦理管理"国际研讨会综述

2008年4月1～3日,由中南大学国家干细胞工程研究中心、中信湘雅生殖与遗传专科医院承办的中欧合作项目"生殖技术、治疗性干细胞和干细胞库的伦理管理"国际研讨会在湖南省长沙市隆重召开.     

重视干细胞研究中的伦理问题

黄禹锡的"卵子风波"反映了干细胞研究领域中伦理规范的缺位.分析了针对干细胞研究的种种伦理争论,并且指出,由于与人类的尊严和幸福密切相关,生物医学领域的研究不能回避伦理问题,相关的伦理研究必须与科学研究同步进行.     

哲学思维在人类干细胞与肿瘤干细胞研究中的指导作用

肿瘤的治疗主要是针对肿瘤组织内的大多数细胞,并常伴有复发和转移致使治疗失败.肿瘤细胞来源于肿瘤干细胞,是肿瘤复发和转移的根源.靶向性杀伤肿瘤干细胞从而使根治肿瘤和防止肿瘤复发和转移成为可能.随着研究的不断深入,人们发现肿瘤干细胞与干细胞存在一定的联系,两者之间既有共同点又有本质的区别,并在一定的条件下可以相互转化.所以,有关哲学思维在肿瘤干细胞的起源、研究方法及研究内容上具有一定的指导意义.     

干细胞移植技术离临床治疗应用到底还有多远

骨髓细胞移植是一种早期的干细胞移植性治疗方式.干细胞分离纯化技术的革命,尤其是干细胞移植在各种临床疾病治疗中近期疗效的不断报道促成了干细胞移植技术的推广迅猛发展.胚胎干细胞或成体干细胞如何分化形成指定的有恰当功能的组织器官一直是发育生物学家和干细胞移植科学家们关注的重大研究课题.实际上,干细胞移植治疗既存在理论性困惑,又存在技术性问题,因此干细胞移植技术的实际应用前途是光明的,但道路是曲折的.     

伦理,胚胎和干细胞研究

道德是关于规则、直觉、理解和观点的一个复杂系统.而后者影响着我们相互间处理事务的方式.它们交叉地渗入我们的道德思考.这种思维与胚胎、干细胞的伦理密切相关,因为胚胎和干细胞涉及我们对与治疗和移植组织有关的人的生命及其启始问题.就像在许多对待生命及其可以阐释的研究方法方面,要有一个道德的思辩历程一样,解决这些问题,部分地需要讨论,部分地需要回答.只有在我们认定这种讨论能够融入应用干细胞治疗的胚胎及其类源和人体组织的使用中时,我们才会清楚,大多数人体不同部位的干细胞应用是经过了对人的生命启始、我们儿童、家庭进行了思考.     

走出价值相对主义

价值相对主义的理论失误和实践危害,使大多数价值哲学论者都力图克服之。新康德主义的形式先验主义的思路,舍勒的实质先验主义的思路,布伦坦诺的经验直觉主义的思路,培里的现代经验主义的思路,都是克服价值相对主义的不同尝试,都有其合理因素。但由于它们各自理论的缺陷,使之难以真正克服价值相对主义。我们认为,以实践为基点去理解价值的本质,应用唯物辩证的方法去说明价值的相对性与绝对性,才能走出价值相对主义。     

Mediators of the effects of magnitude of reinforcement

The characteristics of mediational mechanisms based upon magnitude of reinforcement were investigated using rats. In two experiments, two-choice discriminations were trained in which selections of one lever in one external stimulus and a second lever in another external stimulus were reinforced with food. In the first experiment, it was found that the discrimination was acquired more rapidly when one choice was reinforced with a large number of food pellets and the other with a smaller number of pellets than when other configurations of reinforcement magnitude were provided. In the second experiment, reversal of a two-choice discrimination was found to be facilitated by prior exposure of the animals to the reversed relationships between the external stimuli and magnitudes of reinforcement. These results were consistent with predictions from a stimulus or associative view of anticipatory processes based upon magnitude of reinforcement.     

Development of the Behavioral Evaluation of Disorders of Sleep Scale

We describe the development, preliminary psychometric properties, and cross-validation of the Behavioral Evaluation of Disorders of Sleep (BEDS: Schreck 1997/1998). Parental reports of problem sleep behavior in elementary school aged children 5 years to 12 years were collected for two samples. With the first sample, an exploratory factor analysis of parental responses (N = 307) resulted in reports of five distinct types of sleep problems: Expressive Sleep Disturbances; Sensitivity to the Environment; Disoriented Awakening; Sleep Facilitators; and Apnea/Bruxism. Four of these factors (Expressive Sleep Disturbances; Sensitivity to the Environment; Disoriented Awakening; and Apnea) were confirmed with the new participant sample (N = 1054). These factors of problem sleep behavior were similar to findings in other studies, with the exception of the exclusion of bedtime behavior problems.     

施动感双层结构的发展

施动感是个体在自主运动过程中对自身行为产生的主体性体验,揭示其发展过程对了解自我意识的形成具有重要意义。三阶段模式全面概括了施动感的发展过程。婴儿形成动作预测、建立动作-效果联结以及与养育者良好的人际互动对施动感的发展起着重要作用。未来施动感发展研究应从多种施动感生成理论出发,改进婴幼儿施动感的测量范式,探索施动感发展与社会认知发展、自闭症症状的关联。     

On the structure of lattices of subquasivarieties of congruence-noetherian quasivarieties

We study the structure of algebraic -closed subsets of an algebraic lattice L, where is some Browerian binary relation on L, in the special case when the lattice of such subsets is an atomistic lattice. This gives an approach to investigate the atomistic lattices of congruence-Noetherian quasivarieties.V. A. Gorbunov has died in January 1999Special issue of Studia Logica: Algebraic Theory of Quasivarieties Presented by M. E. Adams, W. Dziobiak, and A. V. Kravchenko     

Latent class analysis of indicators of intolerance of uncertainty

Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU ) is a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor involved in depression and anxiety symptoms and disorders. IU encompasses Prospective IU (“Unforeseen events upset me greatly”) and Inhibitory IU (“The smallest doubt can stop me from acting”). Research has yet to explore whether subgroups or classes of people exist characterized by different profiles of IU . This study used latent class analysis to identify such subgroups and examined if different classes of IU were distinct in terms of several cognitive vulnerabilities and psychological symptoms. Data were obtained from 519 students completing a 12‐item measure of IU . Four subgroups were identified, characterized by low IU , predominantly Prospective IU , predominantly Inhibitory IU , and high IU , respectively. People in the high IU class reported cognitive vulnerabilities and depression and anxiety more than people in the low IU class. Inhibitory IU was more strongly associated with poor outcomes than was Prospective IU .     

Criteria of kinetic suppression of lateral growth of intermediate phases

In many cases, the formation of intermediate phases in solid-state reaction starts from nucleation, proceeds at first by lateral spreading along interface in the form of narrow layer and after that continues slow growth in normal direction. So far, the lateral growth stage was considered as something almost instant. Yet, if the emerging phase is not the first one and the already growing phase layer has high diffusivity, the lateral growth can be also kinetically suppressed due to ‘sucking out’ of atoms from the moving interface into the growing first phase layer. Criteria of such suppression are formulated and examples of real systems are discussed.     

《周易正义》:"无本论"向"气本论"转化的桥梁

《周易正义》是唐朝孔颖达为魏、晋时王弼、韩康伯《周易注》所作的疏,其总结并发展了汉易,促 进了汉易向宋易的转化。《周易正义》并成为王弼“无本论”向张载“气本论”转化的桥梁与中间环节。孔 颖达从“无本论”向张载“气本论”转化的主要标志,是他对“太虚”概念的阐发和对阴阳二气的阐释。