儒家丧礼“饰死者”析义

一般讨论儒家丧礼,多专重在谈"丧服",也就是生者如何为死者服丧;而忽略了死者。其实,儒家的丧礼有二方面。一方面是"生者自饰":生者依其与死者的身份关系进行自饰,包括服饰及丧期,这就是一般所说的"丧服"。另一方面是"饰死者"。《荀子·礼论篇》说:"丧礼者,以生者饰死者也。"就是为死者进行装饰。这方面谈论的人比较少,本文拟就儒家如何"饰死者"略加述论,同时也藉由饰死者的"仪式"来观察讨论儒家"慎终追远"之"慎终"的礼文化意义。     

《论语》论《诗》与孔门“损益之道”

《论语》中孔门引《诗》表达了孔子对周礼的"损益观":文质并行、经权并重。损益之事,在鲜活的情境化色彩背后有其昭然铿锵的原則性。如以"素"喻"礼",意在礼要综合内在美质与外在规范。而对《雅》、《颂》的稱引又体现了坚持"文""质"统一的基础上,可对礼的某些具体节文因时因地地"减损";但直接反映礼核心精神的仪节则不仅不可妥协,还要在君子内心"增益"其根基。帛书《要》则做出"损益之道"的哲学总结和创新:道在时空中损益,至"穷"而新生("产"),"时"是道在新的时空下重建的依据,万物、人事都在其中得到系统地安放。     

朱子《家礼》的特质——基于社会教化的视角

本文从三方面概括了朱子《家礼》的特质:第一,《家礼》按照"礼有本有文"的原则,系统地规定了"家日用"之通礼,突出了"纪纲人道之始终"的冠婚丧祭之礼,从而将作为"天理之节文"的"礼"广泛贯彻到百姓日用常行之中,最终实现了化民成俗的目标;第二,《家礼》遵循"礼者履也"的基本理念,制定简便易行的家庭(族)礼仪,使之能够普及到社会底层,成为影响至今的民间通用礼;第三,《家礼》借鉴宋儒对家庙以及宗法制度的构想,创造性地改造了原有的"祠堂"概念,通过设定宗子在"家礼"中的核心地位,从而发挥宗法制度在维护家族秩序中的作用。历史证明,祠堂及其宗法体系在后世的运用中确实发挥了敬宗收族、凝聚家族力量的重大作用。     

礼制的规范与人性的理解——荀子人性新论

荀子对"性"概念的界定是属于"生之谓性",是指人基于其自然生命之上种种生理及心理的本能和欲望。孟子的"性"是基于"人之所以异于禽兽者"而立言,而荀子的"性"则相反,其所指恰恰是人与禽兽之共通性的属性而言。从广义上来说,荀子人性论内涵心、性、情、欲四者;从狭义上来讲,荀子人性论主要是指情与欲二者。荀子通过外在的"礼"与内在的"心"实现了人性的自然性向符合社会规范的社会性转换,这也是人的自然性向社会性转变的过程。     

从子夏问《诗》看《论语》中所见文质观——兼论先秦儒家道德哲学的价值转向

子夏与孔子关于《诗经》文句、内容和价值的讨论引人注目,二者就文质、本末、仁礼等关系的论述代表了先秦儒家道德哲学由仪式伦理向情感伦理的转化。孔子及弟子、时人所提出的"质先文后"、"质本文末"、"重质弃文"、"文质一体"、"文质彬彬"等思想代表了先秦儒家早期文质观的主要观点。思孟和荀子在继承孔子文质思想的同时,又从不同侧面分别强化了质与文的思想价值。由对文质及其关系的理解出发,思孟重"质"轻"文",更加注重"义"的内在性,甚至把"礼"也纳入了内在性的范围;而荀子主张"情文俱尽",赋予"义"以内外两重性,把"礼"视作实践"义"的根本途径。伴随着文质观的演化,先秦儒家道德哲学的建构蕴含了由外而内,又由内而外的否定之否定的价值转向,《论语》中所见文质观正是理解这一价值转向和思想逻辑的重要途径。     

上博竹书《天子建州》“礼者义之兄”章的礼学阐释

东周时期,针对礼文的形式化弊病,儒家苦心孤诣,力图匡救时弊,强调礼的根本在于内在精神。儒家礼学思想,从"礼物"上表现为一种"尚朴贵质"论,此即《天子建州》"豊(礼)之于宗庙也,不腈(精)为腈(精),不美为美"所蕴含的礼学观;就"礼仪"而言,则体现为"重情",重视人的诚敬之心与内在德性的取向,此即《天子建州》"义(仪)反之,腈(精)为不腈(精),美为不美"所体现的礼学观。儒家力求在历史发展中,礼乐能够质文统一、情文俱尽,简文"礼者,义之兄"即体现出这种礼文质兼善、和谐相济的礼学观念。     

儒家实践智慧的礼学演绎——论朱子的礼学实践观

儒家礼学有着较强的实践性,朱熹出于应对佛老的挑战和纠正当时学界重空谈义理而轻道德实践的流弊的需要,更为强调儒礼的实践特质及其在日常生活中的应用实践。在朱熹看来,"因人之情"的情感原则与"经权相济"的辩证智慧,是儒家礼学在生活实践中得以有效运用的方法论基础。其中,"敬"与"礼宜从厚"是其情感原则的基本内容,"时"与"中"则是构成经权"相济"原则的核心要素。朱子对礼的实践性特质的重视和对礼学实践原则的讨论,为儒家的实践智慧提供了一个情理并重的理论样本。     

礼养与性朴:《荀子·礼论》研究

探讨《荀子·礼论》是研究《荀子》专篇思想的重要尝试。《礼论》一篇可划分为三小节,分别讨论"礼养""礼文""丧礼"三个论题。礼养与性朴是篇中最值得重视的两个观点。荀子认为,礼的确立是为了养护人的欲望,欲望是正面的而不是负面的。礼的意义和目的是"养",养欲、养情、养德。篇中"性者,本始材朴也"的说法表明,人性原初既不是善、也不是恶,而是质朴的。这与《性恶》的观点非常不同。《性恶》与《礼论》在人性的说法、性伪关系、礼与情欲关系上都存在尖锐的对立,而性朴的思想在《性恶》外的《荀子》其他重要篇章都有不同程度的体现。所以,《性恶》不是荀子本人所作,荀子是性朴论者而非性恶论者。     

论礼学脉络与礼学史分期

从远古殷商以"致敬鬼神"为核心的宗教之礼,到西周以"人文道德"为核心的制度之礼,周公"制礼作乐"是一大关键;从西周以"人文道德"为核心的制度之礼,到东周以"礼缘情而作"为核心的观念之礼,孔子"克己复礼"是一大关键。西周"制礼作乐",实现从天道到人道的转折,直接扭转中国文化走向;东周礼乐思想,实现"礼"的学术化,深刻影响中国学术史与思想史。礼学在先秦即已实现关键性变革,由秦汉迄于清代,皆循其轨而有所发展。秦汉至隋唐礼学之主体特征是体制礼学,宋明时期礼学之主体特征是心性礼学,清代礼学之主体特征是全面整合。     

"性之本体是如何"——朱熹性论的考究

朱熹的理本论体系是在对"性之本体"问题的思考中逐步充实和完善起来的.朱熹主张"性之本体"与"性"的"二性"和"继之者善"与"人性善"的"二善"说.性之本体是先天完具的仁义礼智,是实理,性兼理气而善专指理.弄清性之本体为何并由此去构筑其理论,是朱熹理学基本的考虑.     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.