人格分化的智力假设

人格与智力是个体差异中相互关联的两个重要方面,人格随智力水平的提高而不断分化,智力影响了特定人格维度之间的相关。尽管人格分化的智力假设尚未获得一致性的证据,但它却暗示了智力对人格结构的潜在影响。由于人格测量工具的信度和效度可能因受测者的能力水平而异,因此未来的研究应在使用统一测量工具的基础上,尽量扩大被试的能力范围,采用多重评估或集合评定的方法,使人格测量真正独立于受测者的认知能力。     

智力结构的分化假设

该文探讨了智力结构随能力、年龄等个体差异而变化的可能性。认知分化假设认为,能力水平更高的人有“更多”的智力,其智力结构中g因素的作用随IQ水平的增加而递减。年龄分化假设指出,从童年期到青年早期,g因素在认知能力中的作用随年龄的增加而减小;相反,从青年早期到成年晚期,g因素的作用递增,智力结构中其他因素的数量和重要性则递减。该领域未来的研究应当解决测量和评估工具的问题,扩大被试的能力水平和年龄范围     

大学生道德人格特点的初步研究

结合道德心理学研究的新进展,采用问卷法,以803名大学生为被试,对大学生道德人格特点进行了研究。结果表明：（1）大学生道德人格的性别差异显著,大学女生的总分和与人为善因素分数显著高于大学男生,而大学男生的不道德性因素分数和刚正无私因素分数显著高于大学女生。（2）大学生道德人格总分的年级差异不显著,而在具体因素上差异显著：大三学生的与人为善分数明显高于大一和大四学生。（3）大学生道德人格与道德行为的相关极为显著,大学生道德人格是道德行为的有效预测源。     

军校大学生的创造性人格研究

本研究对149名军校大学生的调查表明,当前军校大学生有较高的创造能力,属于中等偏上水平。对其创造性人格的分析结果显示,创造力很强的学员身上更多地体现出一些创造性人格特质：好奇、精神饱满、热情、很有主见、孤独、自信、易动感情、有远见、不屈不挠、有理解能力等;而创造力一般学员的人格中的创造性特质不明显,并且还暴露出谨慎、束手束脚、拘泥形式等一些不利于创造性发展的特点。     

军校大学生的创造性人格研究

本研究对149名军校大学生的调查表明,当前军校大学生有较高的创造能力,属于中等偏上水平。对其创造性人格的分析结果显示,创造力很强的学员身上更多地体现出一些创造性人格特质:好奇、精神饱满、热情、很有主见、孤独、自信、易动感情、有远见、不屈不挠、有理解能力等;而创造力一般学员的人格中的创造性特质不明显,并且还暴露出谨慎、束手束脚、拘泥形式等一些不利于创造性发展的特点。     

手机短信与大学生人格特征关系的研究

采用自编式手机短信（SMS）问卷及NEO—PI—R人格测试,以280名大学生为研究对象,该研究考察了SMS使用情况与大学生人格特征的关系。结果表明：（1）神经质与使用SMS的担心时间、幻觉经验、作息时间有显著负相关,与SMS对交往的影响呈显著的正相关;（2）外倾性与SMS使用数量和作息时间显著正相关;（3）宜人性与SMS使用时间有显著负相关,而与SMS比例呈显著正相关;（4）认真性与总费比例有显著负相关,与幻觉经验和作息时间存在显著正相关。     

大学生的幽默风格与人格特征的关系

采用幽默风格量表和艾森克人格问卷简式量表对318名大学生进行问卷测量.结果显示,幽默风格量表的四因素结构在中国大学生样本中也存在.中国大学生的某些幽默风格类型在性别、年级和专业上存在显著差异.亲和型、自强型幽默风格与外向性显著正相关,与精神质、神经质显著负相关;嘲讽型、自贬型幽默风格与精神质、神经质显著正相关,嘲讽型幽默风格与外向性显著负相关.回归分析表明外向性是亲和型和自强型幽默风格的重要预测变量,而精神质是嘲讽型和自贬型幽默风格的重要预测变量.     

整合人格与智力:个体差异研究的新思路

整合人格与智力的关系是个体差异研究的一种新思路,该文重点介绍和剖析了三种人格—智力关系的理论模型,包括Ackerman的特质组合模型、Brand的“双锥体”模型以及Chamorro-Premuzic的交互作用模型.作者认为,人格与智力的整合研究必须从研究方法、理论层面和测量工具等方面加以改进和完善,必须揭示影响两者关系的中介变量和潜在变量,充分体现这种关系的动态性.     

大学生竞争人格的内隐观研究

为了探讨大学生竞争人格内隐观的结构特点,该研究以内隐人格和词汇学假设作为研究的方法学基础,在预调查的基础上编制竞争人格特征调查表,然后对554名大学生被试竞争人格的内隐观进行正式调查。结果表明:(1)大学生认同竞争人格特征的前十位是有进取心、自尊心强、不甘落后、积极主动、不服输、自信、敢于拼搏、执着、好胜心强、勤奋努力;(2)大学生竞争人格特征的内隐观可以分为六个方面的因素结构;(3)大学生竞争人格内隐结构中有四个因素男生得分显著高于女生,一年级大学生有三个因素显著高于其它年级,有一个因素显著低于三、四年级。     

论慎独与大学生道德人格成长

\"慎独\"作为原始儒家圣贤所倡导的修身方法和推崇的道德境界,是进行道德修养、完善道德人格的根本途径,对当今培养大学生道德人格有着重要的现实价值。要完善大学生的道德人格必须加强\"慎独\"之德的培养,而培养\"慎独\"之德的重要途径就是道德主体要心怀诚意和心存敬畏。     

A Psychometric Examination of the Pathological Obsessive Compulsive Personality Scale (POPS): Initial Study in an Undergraduate Sample

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) has been subject to numerous definition and classification changes, which has contributed to difficulties in reliable measurement of the disorder. Consequently, OCPD measures have yielded poor validity and inconsistent prevalence estimates. Reliable and valid measures of OCPD are needed. The aim of the current study was to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Pathological Obsessive Compulsive Personality Scale (POPS). Participants (N = 571 undergraduates) completed a series of self-report measures online, including the POPS. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare the fit of unidimensional, five factor, and bifactor models of the POPS. Convergent and divergent validity were assessed in relation to other personality dimensions. A bifactor model provided the best fit to the data, indicating that the total POPS scale and four subscales can be scored to obtain reliable indicators of OCPD. The POPS was most strongly associated with a disorder-specific measure of OCPD, however there were also positive associations with theoretically disparate constructs, thus further research is needed to clarify validity of the scale.     

"心理理论"的神经机制:来自脑成像的证据

"心理理论"是认知发展领域的研究热点之一,迄今已积累了大量行为研究的证据.心理理论具有领域特异的模块化认知机制,脑成像研究中也发现心理理论任务激活前额叶皮质等多个模块区域.论文阐述了真实表征与错误信念、心智互动等心理理论推理的神经机制,总结了该领域存在的问题并对今后研究的发展趋势进行了展望.     

The Factor Structure of Gambling-Related Cognitions in an Undergraduate University Sample

Gambling is relatively common among university students, but few studies examine factors that contribute to gambling behavior in this cohort. Based on evidence that cognitive distortions may play a role in gambling behavior, this study examined the factor structure of gambling-related cognitive distortions using the Gambler’s Beliefs Questionnaire (GBQ; Steenbergh et al., Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16:143–149, 2002) in a sample of 393 college undergraduates. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test a previously reported two-factor model, comprising dimensions of Illusion of Control (IOC) and Luck/Perseverance (L/P). An oblique, but not orthogonal, two-factor model was confirmed but did not provide an incrementally better fit to the data than a one-factor model. However, multiple regression analyses showed that the L/P scale accounted for significant variance in the criterion when controlling for IOC items. This suggests that IOC items provide redundant information and that gambling-related cognitive distortions in this sample can be adequately assessed using solely the L/P factor.

The Blacky Pictures as Personality Measures for Undergraduate Areas of Specialization

Thematic Apperception Test (Murray, 1943) responses of 69 Asian American (hereafter, Asian) and 83 White students were coded for defenses according to the Defense Mechanism Manual (Cramer, 1991b) and studied for differential validity in predicting paper-and-pencil measures of relevant constructs. Three tests for differential validity were used: (a) differences between validity coefficients, (b) interactions between predictor and ethnicity in criterion prediction, and (c) differences between groups in mean prediction errors using a common regression equation. Modest differential validity was found. It was surprising that the DMM scales were slightly stronger predictors of their criteria among Asians than among Whites and when a common predictor was used, desirable criteria were overpredicted for Asians, whereas undesirable ones were overpredicted for Whites. The results were not affected by acculturation level or English vocabulary among the Asians.     

Differentiation of Personality Types Among Opiate Addicts

A wide range of studies indicate that although sociopathic characteristics are predominant in opiate addiction, depressive and psychotic features are also frequently observed. To test the hypothesis that there are really three types of individuals who become addicted to opiates (rather than a single, predominant personality style), fifty-three opiate addicts were given the Loevinger Sentence Completion Test, the Bellak Ego Functions interview, and the Rorschach. Variables derived from these three procedures were submitted to cluster and discriminant function analyses. Three groups of addicts were identified-those primarily with impaired interpersonal relationships and affective lability (42%), those primarily characterized by thought disorder and impaired ego functioning (30%), and a group with diminished ideational and verbal activity (28%). Comparison of the assessment of these three groups with independently defined normal, neurotic, and schizophrenic samples provided support for three opiate-addicted personality types, each respectively characterized as character disordered, borderline psychotic, arid depressed. Although there seems to be a predominance of character-disordered individuals who become addicted to opiates, the data indicate several additional types of opiate addicts with different types of psychopathology who may require different approaches to management and treatment.     

教师人格特质与压力和倦怠的关系

通过对教师的问卷调查,研究人格与工作压力、职业倦怠的关系,及其对客观绩效的影响.结果表明:工作压力与情感耗竭、人格解体显著正相关,工作压力与客观绩效显著负相关,情感耗竭在工作压力和绩效之间起部分中介的作用:外向性与情感耗竭、成就感低落显著负相关;尽责性与人格解体、成就感低落显著负相关;宜人性与工作压力、人格解体维度显著正相关;工作压力是宜人性与情感耗竭、人格解体、工作绩效间的中介变量.     

Personality Type Differentiation of Employed Versus Unemployed Clients

The 16 Personality Factors (16 PF) Test was used to determine if personality variables were significantly different for employed and unemployed clients. The results of the study indicate that demographic data failed to demonstrate any significant difference but that four factors on the 16 PF were found to be significant. Results should be of great interest to all professionals concerned with evaluation, adjustment, and/or placement of rehabilitation clients.