临床思维的逻辑性

临床思维是临床能力的核心和基础,是成为一名合格医生的前提条件。临床思维是按照逻辑规律反映疾病的思维方式。在临床思维活动过程中最重要的就是医学假说的提出、验证、推理和遵守逻辑思维的过程。逻辑思维能力对于医学工作者是至关重要的,作为医学工作者应该不断加强逻辑修养,不断提升我们临床思维水准。     

非逻辑思维要以逻辑思维为基础

在现实生活中,逻辑思维与非逻辑思维总是相互交织、相互渗透的.然而两者比较起来,逻辑思维则始终处于决定和支配的地位,非逻辑思维则总是处于从属、补充的地位.也就是说,非逻辑思维的运作与使用是离不开逻辑思维的.那么具体说来,为什么非逻辑思维要以逻辑思维为基础呢?首先,非逻辑思维以逻辑思维为基础,可以保证思维的正确定向.非逻辑思维主要包括联想、想象、直觉、灵感等思维形式.它是以思维的离散性、不规则性和非确定性为其基本特征的.这种思维形式由于运用了想象、联想,它思维的向度厂,范围大,离散性强,因而往     

碘—酒精液在组织学方法上的应用：谈科研工作中应用某些思维方法的体会

碘—酒精液在组织学方法上的应用———谈科研工作中应用某些思维方法的体会福建医科大学（福州３５０００４）刘木梁英南京军区福州总医院（３５０００１）涂小煌科学研究的思维方法包括逻辑思维方法和非逻辑思维方法。逻辑思维方法就是运用概念、判断、推理等抽象形式对...     

习惯性思维、创造性思维与医学科研

习惯性思维、创造性思维与医学科研第四军医大学口腔医学院（７１００３２）黄力子习惯性思维和创造性思维都是医学科技工作者必须具备的，问题在于其适应范围不同。有些对象或问题，应该用习惯性思维方式来思考；有些对象或问题，应该用创造性思维方式来思考；还有一些对...     

整合：医学创新思维的重要形式

医学整合，不仅是一种创新行为，也是一种创新思维形式。医学创新思维整合形式的特征是相关思维材料合理迁移、相关思维方式的耦合。医学创新思维是理性思维，迷信灵感和直觉而忽略逻辑是危险的，需要逻辑思维和非逻辑思维的整合；医学创新思维是复杂性思维，强调批判而否定传承是片面的，需要批判性思维和经验性思维的整合。医学整合，不仅可以从本体论层面予以理解，还可以从方法论层面予以运用。医学创新思维整合形式的研究需要整合理念的方法论引导。     

整合:医学创新思维的重要形式

医学整合,不仅是一种创新行为,也是一种创新思维形式.医学创新思维整合形式的特征是相关思维材料合理迁移、相关思维方式的耦合.医学创新思维是理性思维,迷信灵感和直觉而忽略逻辑是危险的.需要逻辑思维和非逻辑思维的整合;医学创新思雏是复杂性思维,强调批判而否定传承是片面的.需要批判性思维和经验性思维的整合.医学整合,不仅可以从本体论层面予以理解,还可以从方法论层面予以运用.医学创新思维整合形式的研究需要整合理念的方法论引导.     

医学细胞生物学中的逻辑方法

医学细胞生物学中的逻辑方法江西中医学院医用生物学教研室（南昌３３０００６）李坊莹１建立概念的逻辑思维方法概念是反映事物本质的思维形式，是反映相对静止状态下的事物属性，相当于常数数学概念。每一个概念都有其明确内涵和外延，这是进行判断和推理的基础。２?..     

播音员要插上一双想象的翅膀

有人认为，“播音员的基本思维方式是逻辑思维，就是运用概念、判断、推理的形式对稿件进行分析和综合。”     

荀子的“类推思维”论

荀子作为集原始儒、道、墨和名家的类推思想之大成者 ,强化并建构了儒家的伦理思维方式 ,坚持了中国古代逻辑思维的人文面向 ,改变了墨家、名家类推之事实面向的“逆转” ,从而将类推转化为“类比推衍” ,由事实性的推理转向情感、价值和审美的意义的语用类推。因此以荀子为代表的中国传统的类推思维方式 ,进一步地将类推“衍化”为将心比心、设身处地、推己及人、设譬求喻、攀缘比附、比兴与隐喻、象征等多种多样的类推思维形式 ,从而使它能够成为服务于中国传统的人文价值论证、道德情感价值的证成和审美意境的达成 ,成为代表和服务于中国传统人文思维的主导推理类型。因此 ,对它的现代阐释 ,也更可以作为我们建构现代“人文思维逻辑”的传统资源。     

逻辑范畴系统:辩证思维的基本形式

本文不打算一般地谈论逻辑范畴系统,旨在表达这样一种观点:逻辑范畴系统是辩证思维的基本思维形式。人们一般并不忽视逻辑范畴系统的研究,但把它作为辩证逻辑独特的思维形式来考察,则是曾被忽视的。在一段时期里,一些逻辑工作者是以包含了辩证矛盾的概念、判断和推理作为了辩证逻辑自身的思维形式,认为这就可以跟排斥矛盾的、相互之间是并列关系的形式逻辑的抽象概念、判断和推理相区别。后来,人们逐渐觉察到这种见     

Priming divergent thinking promotes logical reasoning in 6- to 8-year olds: But more for high than low SES students

Divergent thinking is a component of creativity. In the following study, we argue that this form of thinking also underlies logical reasoning. A total of 205 early elementary school children in Grades 1 and 2, from high and moderately low SES environments, were given a short-term prime for divergent thinking and simple reasoning problems. Overall, receiving this prime significantly improved logical reasoning at both grade levels. High and low SES students had similar levels of working memory, inhibitory control, performance on the divergent thinking task, and levels of logical reasoning without the prime. However, also consistent with our predictions, only high SES students showed overall improved logical reasoning following the divergent thinking prime, with the SES difference concentrated in the younger students. These results suggest that environmental differences in openness to alternatives and divergent thinking might underlie developing SES differences in levels of logical thinking.     

Heuristic thinking and human intelligence: a commentary on Marewski,Gaissmaier and Gigerenzer

Marewski, Gaissmaier and Gigerenzer (2009) present a review of research on fast and frugal heuristics, arguing that complex problems are best solved by simple heuristics, rather than the application of knowledge and logical reasoning. We argue that the case for such heuristics is overrated. First, we point out that heuristics can often lead to biases as well as effective responding. Second, we show that the application of logical reasoning can be both necessary and relatively simple. Finally, we argue that the evidence for a logical reasoning system that co-exists with simpler heuristic forms of thinking is overwhelming. Not only is it implausible a priori that we would have evolved such a system that is of no use to us, but extensive evidence from the literature on dual processing in reasoning and judgement shows that many problems can only be solved when this form of reasoning is used to inhibit and override heuristic thinking.     

中国古代从“类”范畴到“类”法式的发展演进过程

援类而推的方法,是中国古代社会特有的并广泛使用的一种思维方法,它是按照两种不同事物、现象在"类"属性或"类"事理上具有某种同一性或相似性,因此可以由此达彼、由言事而论道的一种推理论说方式。这种方法的特质是建立在"类"概念基础之上的,其发展演变成为中国古代主导的推类"法式",是一个由兽名至祭名、善名、族类名、种类名、法式名的历史的过程,铸就了中国古代的主导推理类型。这种具有普遍适用的逻辑思维方法论意义的"推类"法式,是社会历史发展的必然和思维发展的必然,有其稳定的由"言事"而"言道"的推理结构。其成立的依据是事物类属性、类事理的相似性或同一性,表明了思维的确定性认识,使之具有了法则的一般规律的意义,使"推类"思维方法的逻辑性越来越明显,推理功能越来越显著。其取法标准既有伦理的标准,也有逻辑的标准,使得先秦逻辑思想在其发展过程中具有了伦理化倾向。其思维进程是通过比照事例而分类,进而援类而推。在其大量的实践应用中,"推类"法式反映了中国人在生活态度上更偏重于精神感受,积淀在中华文化的血脉里,潜移默化影响着中国人的思维方式。通过对它演进过程的梳理,以及对其背后的逻辑原则、文化传统、人文精神的了解,可以从逻辑与文化的角度增强我们对传统思维方法论意义、文化认同意义的感受。     

Nonabsolute/relativistic thinking: A common factor underlying models of postformal reasoning?

Strong empirical evidence was obtained in support of the proposition that nonabsolute/relativistic (N/R) thinking is a unifying commonality underlying four postformal models of higher-order thinking, namely, problem finding, dialectical reasoning, relativistic operations, and reflective judgment. Within the construct of N/R thinking, two dimensions—the basic form and the epistemic view—and two levels—the formal form and the postformal form—were differentiated as hypothesized. The findings clarify logical relationships among the models as well as provide a common link unifying their diversity. Implications and suggestions for future research are provided.     

假说逻辑思维素质的培养

随着社会科技的发展和疾病谱的巨大变化,人类健康面临许多困惑和无奈,在此背景下加速医学研究显得日益迫切,发展医学假说就具有了重大的现实意义和迫切需求性,作为高等医学教育有必要探索培养假说逻辑思维素质的有效路径,以满足发展医学事业的需要。     

Tremor Frequencies

In an attempt to improve logical reasoning performances, 64 introductory psychology students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental condition involved solving logic syllogisms when the obvious “logical error” was not included as a possible answer. Control subjects solved the same problems with the “logical error” included as a choice. An analysis of variance procedure applied to the subjects' logic pretest-posttest gain scores indicated that the experimental group did significantly better than the control group on invalid principles. The results were discussed in terms of Piaget's theory of logical thinking and the possibility of performance rather than competence problems in adult reasoning. The need to develop more effective instructional techniques to enhance transfer of learning was underscored.     

Individual differences in deductive reasoning

Three studies are reported, which examined individual differences in deductive reasoning as a function of intellectual ability and thinking style. Intellectual ability was a good predictor of logical performance on syllogisms, especially where there was a conflict between logic and believability. However, in the first two experiments there was no link between ability and performance on indicative selection tasks, in sharp contrast to previous research. This correlation did, however, return in the final study. Our data are consistent with the claim that the correlation with logical accuracy on abstract selection tasks is found primarily with participants of relatively high ability. At lower levels, pragmatically cued responses are given but those of slightly higher ability divorce the rule from the scenario and respond consistently (though incorrectly) across problems. Self-report questionnaires were generally poor predictors of performance, but a measure of the ability to generate alternative representations proved an excellent predictor. These results are consistent with a mental models approach to reasoning and also have implications for the debate about human rationality.     

中学教师创造力内隐观的调查研究

以255名中学教师为被试,采用调查分析的方法,编制了创造力形容词表,并结合个别访谈法,考察了中学教师的创造力内隐观.研究结果发现:教师的创造力内隐观主要涵盖了创造性思维和创造性人格两个方面;教师一致认同高创造性学生有28个重要心理特征,其中,最重要的10个特征依次是想象力、喜欢思考、富有洞察力、自信、内部动机强、好奇心、关注新事物、透过现象发现规律、逻辑推理能力、发现事物间的联系与区别;因素分析把教师内隐观会聚成了5个因素:新颖灵活的思维风格、好奇且善于质疑、逻辑思维、问题发现、自信进取的性格.     

Anatomy of deductive reasoning

Much of cognitive research on deductive reasoning has been preoccupied with advocating for or against visuospatial (mental model theory) or linguistic/syntactic (mental logic theory) models of logical reasoning. Neuroimaging studies bear on this issue by pointing to both language-based and visuospatial systems being engaged during logical reasoning, and by raising additional issues not anticipated by these cognitive theories. Here, the literature on the neural basis of deductive reasoning from the past decade is reviewed. Although these results might seem chaotic and inconsistent, we identify several interesting patterns and articulate their implications for cognitive theories of reasoning. Cognitive neuroscience data point away from a unitary system for logical reasoning and towards a fractionated system dynamically reconfigured in response to specific task and environmental cues.     

因果条件中儿童社会信息推理的发展

采用因果条件性逻辑推理研究的一般模式,研究了儿童社会信息因果推理发展状况。实验结果表明：(1)儿童社会信息推理能力呈年级性递增。(2)社会信息的内容会影响儿童社会信息推理的能力。(3)儿童四种逻辑形式推理能力之间的差异显著．AC、DA在年级水平上差异都十分显著,但MP和MT在年级水平上差异不显著,儿童在各个年级四种推理能力之间的差异都显著,确定型和非确定型逻辑推理能力之间的差异显著。(4)逻辑形式的难度、儿童的年龄影响儿童合理化解释的类型。