基于多传感器数据的航空管制员情境意识的计算

航空管制人员保持良好的情境意识是确保空中交通以安全、高效方式运行的必要条件。如果在管制员工作过程中, 能准确监测其情境意识状态, 并在情境意识丧失前给予及时告警, 那么将会极大地提高管制绩效和减少空中两机相撞的概率。目前, 国外评价管制员情境意识的方法虽然不少, 但这些方法基本都是诊断性质和回溯性质的, 无法对管制员的情境意识进行监测或预警。管制员的情境意识受个体差异、任务等多种因素的影响, 同时, 其也可以由某些指标来表征, 如某些作业绩效指标和生理指标。为了能够实现对航空管制员情境意识的准确监控及告警, 拟通过雷达管制模拟实验、心理测量、专家评定等方法采集多传感器数据, 分别建立基于表征指标和基于影响变量的情境意识计算模型, 并比较其预测性能。该研究结果可为管制员情境意识的实时监测提供支持。     

助人情境中幼儿知恩图报意识的发展

研究选取北京市某幼儿园3~6岁幼儿共118名作为研究对象。以助人任务为实验情境,设置了慷慨施恩者VS吝啬者（情境一）、施恩者VS好人（情境二）和传承知恩图报意识（情境三）三种情境,研究幼儿在三种不同助人情境下知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄及发展趋势。结果表明,在情境一和情境二中的知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄为5岁;情境三中幼儿知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄推测为6岁以后。各情境下知恩图报意识随年龄增长而提升。     

应急救援团队的个体与团队情境意识：社会网络关系的调节作用

采用地震后建筑物倒塌,被困人员转运的任务情景,以99名消防指挥系大四学员为被试,研究个体情境意识和团队情境意识的关系,以及社会网络关系中的网络密度和结构洞指标在其中的调节作用。结果表明：(1)个体情境意识与团队情境意识不相关,即团队情境意识不是个体情境意识的简单相加;(2)共享情境意识对团队情境意识有负向影响：个体情境意识之间的差异越大,团队情境意识就越高;(3)对于网络密度较大的团队,结构洞对共享情境意识和团队情境意识的关系起到正向调节的作用;(4)对于网络密度较小的团队,结构洞对共享情境意识和团队情境意识的关系起到负向调节的作用。     

从航空驾驶到工业设计:情境意识研究的拓展

情境意识日渐成为工程心理学领域的热点研究问题,其自身的研究理论、研究技术以及研究方法也变得越来越丰富和成熟。文章通过对比工程心理学观点中分布式情境意识理论和经典情境意识信息加工三水平理论之间的差异,通过介绍经典情境意识测量技术和新兴情境意识测量技术以及最后通过对于当前情境意识研究的应用及展望进行讨论,从而对工程心理学领域情境意识研究的现状和发展趋势进行了评述。     

驾驶员视觉注意对危险识别的影响及作用机制

驾驶中, 有效的视觉注意模式是驾驶员搜索与识别潜在道路危险的先决条件。通过分析驾驶员视觉注意对危险识别的影响, 提出情境意识假设与心理负荷假设。情境意识假设认为, 情境意识的质量决定了驾驶员视觉注意模式的灵活性, 进而影响危险识别。心理负荷假设认为, 心理负荷水平提高, 驾驶员视觉注意趋于集中, 不利于危险识别。建议未来研究可以在比较不同驾驶员情境意识的认知兼容性, 应用汽车驾驶自动化技术降低心理负荷以及检测并区分情境意识与心理负荷的影响等方面加以深入。     

工作记忆在监控作业情境意识保持中的作用

本研究通过模拟复杂人机系统的监控作业,考察了长时工作记忆与短时工作记忆在情境意识保持中的作用。研究采用模拟的飞行相撞判断任务,通过考察中断任务对情境意识的影响,分析情境意识在记忆中的存储地点,以及保持时间是否会突破1分钟的限制。本研究选择了心理旋转和算式判断两种中断任务。实验结果表明,在问题回答之前的中断阶段,无论施加心理旋转任务,还是施加算式判断任务,无论中断任务的加工负荷与记忆负荷有多高,熟练被试的情境意识始终保持于较高的水平,并没有因受到中断任务的干扰而出现下降。新手被试的情境意识受到心理旋转任务和算式判断任务的显著影响,而且两种任务的执行速度越快、记忆负荷越大,情绪意识水平就越低。本研究结果说明熟练被试可以利用长时工作记忆存储情境意识,新手被试主要利用短时工作记忆存储情境意识。     

航空环境中情境意识的个体差异和任务难度差异检测:眼动测量技术的优势

研究包含两项实验分别探讨情境意识眼动测量技术在检验个体差异和任务难度差异中的优势。实验一采用情境意识评价技术和整体情境整体评价技术,测验新手、专家组飞行员特技飞行时的情境意识差异,实验二同样采用上述测验方法检验专家组飞行员在不同难度特技飞行时的情境意识差异,两项实验同时都监测被试的眼动过程。结果发现,(1)情境意识评价技术结果不能反映个体差异,能反映任务难度差异;(2)情境整体评价技术结果能够反映个体差异,不能反映任务难度差异;(3)经验和任务难度都影响飞行员的视觉取样策略和编码信息加工。眼动数据结果与情境整体评价技术的结果相互印证,可以确定眼动测量技术可测验情境意识,且相对于其他方法,眼动测量方法有更为广泛的差异敏感性。     

情境交互作用理论体系：辩证心理学与交互行为心理学

摘要 辩证心理学和交互行为心理学是近年对心理学理论建设和方法论改革影响较大的心理学取向,它们可以共同归纳到心理学的情境交互作用理论体系之下。情境交互作用理论体系打破了传统心理学只关注意识、行为和心理机制的单一维度,认为心理学应该关注机体与情境交互作用中的意义。文章对辩证心理学和交互行为心理学的主要观点和主要假设进行了详细阐释。最后对情境作用理论体系对当代心理学的影响和启示进行了说明,可以为未来心理学的发展指明方向。     

高校心理咨询师多重关系情境与决策类型的研究

为探索高校咨询师面临的多重关系伦理情境、决策过程,对访谈17名高校心理咨询师的资料进行分析。结果：常见情境主要包括接送礼物承载的新关系、来访者和咨询师除咨询关系外的师生关系、咨询师与和来访者有关的第三人有关系、咨询师在咨询室之外的场所偶遇来访者、来访者有咨询师的联系方式、来访者和咨询师有身体接触等。决策表现为两种：经验主导型,决策时未意识到处于伦理情境只凭经验决策;伦理主导型,决策时意识到处在伦理情境。结论：高校心理咨询存在一些特殊多重关系,心理咨询师需增加具有伦理意识的决策。     

形动、心动、神动——探析美术鉴赏的情景设置与高效课堂建设

美术鉴赏的教学方法不一而足,设置丰富情境是其中重要一环,在情境预设中,要以学生为中心,关注学生问题的生成与解决,培养学生主动学习的意识至关重要。在鉴赏的过程中,教师深入浅出地引导,创设丰富、开放又贴切的情境会更好地达成学习目标,实现高效课堂,让学生"形动、心动、神动",享受知识的盛宴,让课堂涌动生命的活力。     

The effects of calcium channel antagonists on short- and long-term retention in mice using spontaneous alternation behavior

The effect of calcium channel antagonists (CCA's) on working and reference memory in mice was studied using spontaneous alternation (SA) behavior in a T maze. Mice were given either one or four forced trials to either the right or the left arm on the training session (T1) followed by a free choice test (T2) at varying intervals after the initial trial. Untreated animals given one forced trial exhibited significantly greater levels of SA than chance at all delay intervals out to 20 min but not at 30, 60, or 180 min. Animals given four forced trials showed significant levels of SA 24 h after exposure but not at 72 h. Additional groups of mice were treated with amlodipine, nimodipine, diltiazem, and verapamil 1 h before T1. Mice given one forced trial were tested 30, 60, or 180 min after T1 while mice given four forced trials were tested 72 h after T1. Results showed that all of the CCA's except verapamil produced significant SA at the 30-min interval and nimodipine and diltiazem also significantly increased SA at the 60-min-delay interval. No significant effects were observed at the 180-min test. In the four trial groups, all of the CCA's with the exception of verapamil produced significant levels of SA at the 72-h interval. These results indicate that representative CCA's from both the dihydropyridine and the benzothiazapine classes can facilitate both short- and long-interval SA, thereby providing further confirmation that CCA's can enhance memory processing in young animals.     

The effects of post-acquisition-trial sodium amylobarbitone on subsequent extinction behaviour

In a one-trial-per-day runway task, previously trained rats were injected via temporary intravenous cannulae with Sodium Amylobarbitone (SA) 15 mg/kg, or saline, immediately following each of six acquisition trials, according to one of four regimes. The animals were then extinguished with no further drug or saline treatments. Those that had been consistently reinforced (CR) and consistently treated with saline extinguished faster than those that had been partially reinforced (PR) and consistently treated with saline: the brief PR schedule thus generated a typical PR extinction effect. PR animals that had received SA treatments following nonrewarded trials and saline treatments following rewarded trials extinguished faster than those that had received the opposite treatments. Post-nonreward SA treatment during acquisition thus led to a pseudo CR extinction effect, while post-reward SA treatment in acquisition led to an undistorted PR extinction effect. The results are interpreted as showing that there is a critical period occurring between some tens of seconds and a very few minutes after frustrative nonreward which is vulnerable to SA in a non-state-dependent manner, and on which frustrative nonreward's control of subsequent behaviour depends.     

Religiosity Reduces Sexual Aggression and Coercion in a Longitudinal Cohort of College Men: Mediating Roles of Peer Norms,Promiscuity, and Pornography

Extensive literature suggests that religiosity is a protective factor in reducing a number of deviant behaviors, including sexual aggression (SA). Whereas previous research focused on the role of risky alcohol consumption in mediating the relationship between religiosity and SA, this study explores the hypothesized meditational paths from religiosity to SA and technology‐based coercive behavior (TBC) through peer norms, pornography consumption, and promiscuity. Findings from a four‐year longitudinal study of male college students suggest that peer norms and promiscuity mediate the relationship between religiosity and both outcome measures, while pornography consumption mediates the relationship between religiosity and TBC. These findings may inform ongoing practice and future research into possible mechanisms by which problematic sexual behaviors may be influenced.     

Aggressivity,inattention, hyperactivity,and impulsivity in boys at high and low risk for substance abuse

Aggressivity, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are cardinal dimensions of externalizing behavior problems of childhood. They are diagnostic and clinical features of childhood disorders, and are thought to be linked to the subsequent development of adult disorders such as substance abuse (SA). Little is known, however, about the convergent and discriminant validity of these four constructs. We used multiple measures to develop indices of aggressivity, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in a sample of 10- to 12-year-old boys (N=183) with and without a family history of SA. Data were taken from mother reports, child reports, teacher reports, and laboratory tasks. The study aims were (1) to test the convergent and discriminant validity of aggressivity, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity; (2) to examine whether the data were consistent with a model specifying the four constructs as indicators of one superordinate factor; and (3) to differentiate boys with and without a family history of SA in construct scores. The results supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the four constructs. Although discriminable, the constructs covaried strongly and were consistent with a model specifying them as indicators of a single superordinate factor. Boys with a family history of substance abuse scored higher than control boys on aggressivity, inattention, and impulsivity scores, but the groups did not differ on hyperactivity scores. The results are discussed in terms of the role of childhood behavior problems in vulnerability to SA.This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse grant No. DA 05605.     

Selective Attention and Anxiety: A Perspective on Developmental Issues and the Causal Status

A plethora of studies on selective information processing in anxiety have been carried out over the past two decades. One of the most robust findings is that anxiety is associated with selective attention (SA) for threatening information. The rationale of research into SA is that it is assumed to play a vital role in the maintenance, and even in the etiology of anxiety disorders. It is the aim of this paper to explicate on the validity of this assumption. There is ample evidence that anxiety enhances SA. Although there is a lack of studies on the effect of SA on anxiety, there is now some evidence that SA increases the level of anxiety. This leads us to conclude that SA is not a by-product of anxiety only. Hence, the suggestion that SA plays a role in the maintenance of anxiety disorders seems to be justified. Studies on SA in children suggest that if SA plays any role at all in the development of anxiety disorders, it is not the SA in itself that is a vulnerability factor, but the continuation of this SA. Individuals who develop an anxiety disorder could have difficulty learning to inhibit this SA. Considering the finding that SA increases the level of anxiety, the authors suggest that anxiety in childhood causes failure to inhibit SA, which in turn enhances the vulnerability to anxiety disorder in adulthood.     

Situation Awareness Requirements for Infantry Platoon Leaders

Situation awareness (SA) is a construct closely linked to decision making and performance. Identifying SA requirements for specific jobs is a necessary first step in accurately assessing SA, developing training programs to enhance SA skills, and evaluating the impact of new technology on SA. This research identified the SA requirements for infantry small unit leaders. Six highly experienced infantry subject matter experts were given semi-structured, in-depth interviews. The resulting SA requirements hierarchy contained 7 primary goals and multiple subgoals. Situation awareness requirements are job and mission specific. The methods used here may be adapted to identify SA requirements in other domains characterized by small, cohesive teams operating in dynamic environments and as the basis for developing SA metrics in these domains.     

Situation Awareness in sports: A scoping review

Situation Awareness (SA) has been studied in many dynamic environments such as aviation.transportation, and medicine, but has not been extensively applied to sporting environments. Research from other areas suggests that SA is an important aspect of successful performance. The objectives of this scoping review were to identify what types of SA frameworks are used in sports, what methods are used to directly assess SA in sports, and what are the cognitive skills that have been linked to SA in sports. Seven databases were searched for peer-reviewed papers examining SA in a sporting context. The literature search revealed a scarcity of studies that directly describe SA within a sporting context. The most common frameworks described in the sporting literature were the three-level framework and Distributed Situation Awareness. The direct methods of measuring SA in sports varied and included the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT), Cognition Self-Assessment Tool (CSAT), and Random Number Cognition Test (RANCT) tools. Lastly, the cognitive skills linked to SA in sports included visual behaviours, anticipation, and decision-making. After evaluating the research, we argue there is potential benefit in applying SA to a sporting context but there are, currently, issues of validity and reliability in how SA is described and assessed in sports. Suggestions are made for how we might advance in this field of research.     

The perception of team engagement reduces stress induced situation awareness overconfidence and risk-taking

Much research has examined how stress restricts objective Situation Awareness (SA). Little research, however, has focused on SA overconfidence, the notion that an individual may grasp a situation when in fact they do not. Even less SA research has examined the motivational and emotional states of individuals operating in teams in stressful environments. Expanding on recent data suggesting that stress creates SA overconfidence, not simply SA loss, the present experiment manipulated stress levels and the perception of team engagement, which is thought to be a positive motivational state of task-related well-being. Teams of Soldiers were tested in a virtual combat scenario testing shared risk-taking, objective (i.e., collaborative ability to answer SA probes), and subjective SA. Results indicated that the mere perception of above average team engagement reduced stress induced SA overconfidence and risk-taking of teams. These results suggest simple, virtually costless strategies for improving elements of SA that may impact the behavior of teams and potentially improve their decision-making.     

Sensory attenuation of action outcomes of varying amplitude and valence

Stimuli caused by self-initiated actions are perceived as less intense than those caused externally; this effect is called sensory attenuation (SA). In two experiments, we aimed to assess the impact of the amplitude of outcomes and its affective valence on SA and explicit ratings of sense of agency. This allowed us to test the predictions of the available SA frameworks and better understand the link between SA, affect, and agency. The results indicated that SA can be reversed, and such sensory amplification is driven by low-amplitude and positive-valence outcomes. We also show that intentional action influences the perceived valence of outcomes, and that modulations of explicit sense of agency are divergent from those of SA. Our study shows that valence influences the processing of the amplitude of intentional action outcomes and suggests that none of the currently available frameworks give full justice to SA’s variability.     

The contribution of memory to differences in situation awareness in expert and non-expert drivers

Situation awareness (SA) is knowing what is going on in the environment: identifying objects, understanding how they interact and predicting future events. It is important in the context of driving as it is related to hazard perception. Driving-related SA may help explain expert drivers’ superior driving skill, but it is important to understand whether this is because expert drivers have better memory for driving-related tasks, whether superior memory performance is task specific, and the degree to which any effect is attributable to experience vs. expertise. On-road paramedics were compared with non-expert drivers. The participants engaged in an SA driving task where they were required to describe a vide taped driving situation after the screen cut to black. We measured their SA, memory and demographic driving variables. The starting SA of World, Action and Schema was re-developed to better reflect driving SA, into World, Action, Other-Agent Action, Projection, and Rationale. Driving expertise predicted each category of SA, except the Action category, independently of other experience variables. Similarly, expertise also predicted SA categories independently of any of the memory tasks. We concluded that expert drivers have better driving-SA than non-expert drivers and this is not due to better memory for driving tasks, or ‘time-on-road’. This finding is important in driver training because if we can harness the SA skills that expert drivers demonstrate, we could potentially implement them in better driver training programs.