The Influence of Voluntarily Induced Tension on Rational Problem Solving

Subjects (N = 152) were administered the Conceptual Systems Test (CST) and the Ross Educational Philosophical Inventory (REPI). The subjects were then classified into one of four conceptual systems, or considered to be an admixture. An analysis of variance was then performed on each of the REPI scales: Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, and Existentialism. Significance was found among the conceptual systems on each philosophical subtest. System 1 subjects (who are most concrete on a concrete-abstract continuum) had the highest mean on the Idealism subtest; System 2 subjects (who are only slightly more abstract than System 1 subjects) were higher on the remaining three philosophical subtests. Also, the highest correlation occurring among the CST and the REPI occurred between Divine Fate Control and Idealism (r = .53).     

Dealing with the Intellectual-Insight Problem in Cognitive and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

A client is said to have intellectual, but not emotional, insight when he or she acknowledges that holding a particular belief is irrational, but says that he or she still does not believe, or cannot accept, that fact. The intellectual-insight problem may arise because the client's negative core or irrational belief is embedded in a broader belief system that must be explored before the client will be able to surrender the negative core or irrational belief. In this case one appropriate intervention is to ask what the consequence of giving up the belief would be. Kelly's (1955) theory of personal constructs and DiGiuseppe's (1991) concept of personal paradigms offer ways to conceptualize the problem and its solution.     

The Problem of Obligation,the Finite Rational Will,and Kantian Value Realism

Abstract

Robert Stern's Understanding Moral Obligation is a remarkable achievement, representing an original reading of Kant's contribution to modern moral philosophy and the legacy he bequeathed to his later-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century successors in the German tradition. On Stern's interpretation, it was not the threat to autonomy posed by value realism, but the threat to autonomy posed by the obligatory nature of morality that led Kant to develop his critical moral theory grounded in the concept of the self-legislating moral agent. Accordingly, Stern contends that Kant was a moral realist of sorts, holding certain substantive views that are best characterized as realist commitments about value. In this paper, I raise two central objections to Stern's reading of Kant. The first objection concerns what Stern identifies as Kant's solution to the problem of moral obligation. Whereas Stern sees the distinction between the infinite will and the finite will as resolving the problem of moral obligation, I argue that this distinction merely explains why moral obligations necessarily take the form of imperatives for us imperfect human beings, but does not solve the deeper problem concerning the obligatory nature of morality—why we should take moral norms to be supremely authoritative laws that override all other norms based on our non-moral interests. The second objection addresses Stern's claim that Kantian autonomy is compatible with value realism. Although this is an idea with which many contemporary readers will be sympathetic, I suggest that the textual evidence actually weighs in favor of constructivism.     

Evaluating Treatments for Functionally Equivalent Problem Behavior Maintained by Adult Compliance with Mands During Interactive Play

A primary goal of behavioral interventions is to reduce dangerous or inappropriate behavior and to generalize treatment effects across various settings. However, there is a lack of research evaluating generalization of treatment effects while individuals with functionally equivalent problem behavior interact with each other. For the current study, the severe problem behavior of two participants with developmental disabilities was targeted for assessment and treatment. Results of a functional analysis indicated that for both participants, problem behaviors occurred when destructive behavior produced reinforcement of participant mands . The use of a multiple schedule that alternated between differential reinforcement of other behaviors and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (mands) was sufficient to produce a significant reduction in problem behavior for one participant; the addition of differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors via compliance was necessary for the second participant. Extended treatment sessions, which focused on interaction between the two participants, involved one therapist concurrently implementing each participant’s treatment while they were directed to play with one another (a situation that previously evoked problem behavior). Results show that each participant’s treatment produced low to zero rates of problem behavior even during extended interactions.     

The Problem with Token-reflexivity

This essay presents an argument against the token-reflexive approach to the semantics for indexical languages. After some preliminary remarks in section one, sections two and three explain why some traditional arguments against token-reflexivity are ultimately ineffective. Section four puts forth a more persuasive argument, to the effect that token-reflexive views overgenerate with respect to results of analyticity. However, as section five explains, defenders of the alternative, type-oriented view have all too often wasted the advantage offered by their approach: the unmotivated, independent restriction of semantic evaluation to so-called ‘proper’ indexes is responsible for undesirable conclusions, similar to those to which token- reflexive theorists are committed.     

On the Origins of Children's Compliance and Opposition: Family Context, Reinforcement, and Rules

Interactional synchrony and context dependent reinforcement are presented as similar phenomena in this discussion of children's dispositions to comply with or to oppose parental instructions. I argue that consistent and appropriate parental reactions to the full range of a child's response repertoire will establish a family context conducive to positive reinforcement of child compliance. In contrast, inconsistent parental reactions appear to create a chaotic family context conducive to the negative reinforcement of child opposition. Depending on these two forms of context, the parents and children seem to generate distinctive personal rules which outline the functional arrangements of context, behavior and reinforcement. The importance of these personal rules in helping parents and children to improve the lawfulness of family context is highlighted.     

Rules We Live by: How Religious Beliefs Relate to Compliance with Precautionary Measures Against COVID-19 in Tibetan Buddhists

Journal of Religion and Health - The present studies investigated how particular religious beliefs shape compliance with preventive measures in adherents of Gelug and Nyingma schools of Tibetan...     

有限理性信任观:对理性计算和非理性态度的整合

信任是理性的还是非理性的,一直是信任研究中争论的焦点。在对理性信任观和非理性信任观进行比较分析之后,在"有限理性"和"心智成本"的框架下,提出了信任的有限理性观点,对信任的理性观和非理性观点做一整合。     

The Rational Reconstruction of Argumentation Referring to Consequences and Purposes in the Application of Legal Rules: A Pragma-Dialectical Perspective

In this paper, the author develops an instrument for the rational reconstruction of argumentation in which a judicial decision is justified by referring to the consequences in relation to the purpose of the rule. The instrument is developed by integrating insights from legal theory and legal philosophy about the function and use of arguments from consequences in relation to the purpose of a rule into a pragma-dialectical framework. Then, by applying the instrument to the analysis of examples from legal practice, it is demonstrated that the instrument can offer a heuristic and critical tool for the analysis and evaluation of legal argumentation that can ‘bridge’ the gap between more abstract discussions of forms of legal argumentation on the one hand, and legal arguments as they occur in actual legal practice on the other hand.     

Increasing Compliance with Orthodontic Treatment

In a control group design children receiving orthodontic treatment involving headgear were exposed to a contingency management procedure. The youngsters and their parents developed strategies designed to reward the children for wearing their orthodontic headgear as instructed by their orthodontist. In comparison to an attention control group, experimental subjects displayed significantly higher levels of treatment compliance. Moreover, these differences were maintained at follow-up. The benefits of this procedure are discussed.     

The Role of Rules

The question of rules is not an issue that separates the 'analytical' and 'Continental' traditions from one another; rather it is an issue that is a source of division within each tradition. Within Continental philosophy the problem of the rule-governed character of cognition goes back to Kant's dualism of sense and understanding. Many philosophers in the Continental tradition (notably, Nietzsche, Gadamer and Adorno) have retained a quasi-Kantian conception of judgement while rejecting the idea of it as rule-governed. But there have been exceptions to this within Continental philosophy, most prominently, Jürgen Habermas. The rules thesis was implicit in much of analytical philosophy as it was practised in Britain from the 1950s to the 1970s. The doctrine gave support to a conception of philosophy (so-called 'ordinary-language philosophy') as essentially an exercise in the articulation of certain kinds of tacit knowledge. It was advocated explicitly in such works as Searle's Speech Acts and Winch's The Idea of a Social Science . The equation of meaning and rules enjoyed further prestige, for it was taken by many philosophers to be the central doctrine to be extracted from Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations . A most striking feature of the receding of the rules thesis has been the transformation of previously accepted interpretations of Wittgenstein's later philosophy (for example, by Stanley Cavell and John McDowell). Both adherents and opponents of the rules thesis have shared a common concern. In emphasizing the discontinuity between language and the subject-matter of the natural sciences both sides offer reassuringly positive answers to one of the besetting problems of twentieth-century philosophy: does philosophy have a distinctive subject-matter of its own?     

幼儿约束性顺从研究的兴起与进展

20世纪90年代中期,人们对幼儿顺从的认识发生了深刻的变化,提出了约束性顺从的概念。所谓约束性顺从指的是幼儿全心全意地、心甘情愿地遵从成人的要求而约束和调节自己的行为。它是幼儿由外部控制逐渐过渡到自我控制的中间环节,对探讨外界价值的内化和幼儿自我控制能力的形成有重要意义。该文综述了近年来国外对幼儿约束性顺从的研究,并对未来的研究提出了一些建议。     

Promoting Charitable Behaviour with Compliance Techniques

Pour comparer l'impact de trois techniques d'acquiescement sur l'incitation au comportement charitable, on a demandéà 409 personnes de verser $2 à l'American Cancer Society. Cette requête fut immédiatement présentée dans trois groupes contrôle et précédée dans neuf groupes expérimentaux d'une demande préliminaire correspondant à une procédure d'acquiescement à requête multiple. On a d'abord demandé aux sujets soumis à la technique pied dans la porte de répondre à un questionnaire composé 10, 35 ou 60 items. On sollicitait d'abord $10, 25 ou 50 de la part de ceux confrontés à la situation porte dans la figure; et $0,50, 1 ou 1,50 de la part des sujets ras des pâquerettes. Les résultats montrent que les méthodes $10 et 25 porte dans la figure furent les plus rentables. Les sujets contrôle et ras des pâquerettes donnèrent à peu près la même chose et les conditions pied dans la porte furent les moins productives. On discute, à partir de ces découvertes, de la valeur pratique et des inconvénients virtuels de l'application des techniques d'acquiescement à requête multiple pour stimuler le comportement charitable.     

The Problem with Contemporary Moral Theory

Feminists, especially radical feminists, have reason to be dissatisfied with contemporary moral theory, but they are understandably reluctant to abandon the theoretical project until it is seen as unsalvageable. The problem is not, however, as Margaret Urban Walker claims, that theory is abstract, that it seeks to guide conduct, or that it postulates moral knowledge. The problem is that contemporary moral theory is foundational.     

The Problem with Reid's Direct Realism

There is a problem about the compatibility of Reid's commitment to both a sign theory of sensations and also direct realism. I show that Reid is committed to three different senses of the claim that mind-independent bodies and their qualities are among the immediate objects of perception, and I then argue that Reid's sign theory conflicts with one of these. I conclude by advocating one proposal for reconciling Reid's claims, deferring a thorough development and defence of the proposal to another paper.