"全球伦理"与"道德宗教"

1993年9月,6500名来自世界各地的不同宗教信仰的人士和一些非宗教组织的代表,在美国芝加哥举行的“世界宗教议会”上通过了一份《全球伦理宣言》。《宣言》认为,各种宗教之间已经有一种共同之处,它可以成为一种全球伦理的基础;这种“全球伦理”, “指的是对一些有约束性的价值观、一些不可取消的标准和人格态度的一种基本共识”; 《宣言》指出:“没有新的全球伦理,便没有新的全球秩序”。     

为何全球伦理不是普遍伦理

“全球伦理”这一概念已得到世界上各种不同学术团体的广泛关注,这在很大程度上可被看成是神学家孔汉思(Hans Kung)提出《全球宗教伦理宣言》导致的一个结果。但是,“全球伦理”不等于“普遍伦理”——西方哲学家对于地理概念意义上的“全球”性与道德哲学家自古以来试图通过实践理性所要建立的伦理之“普遍”性之间的区别是很清楚的。然而,中国有些伦理学界人士却表现出将这两个截然不同的概念混为一谈的倾向。本文将要阐明的是,“全球”概念     

没有新的全球伦理 便没有新的全球秩序──读《全球伦理:世界宗教议会宣言》

我们所说的全球伦理，并不是指一种全球的意识形态，也不是指超越一切现存宗教的一种单一的统一宗教，更不是指用一种宗教来支配所有别的宗教。我们所说的全球伦理，指的是对一些有约束性的价值观，一些不可取消的标准人格态度的一种基本共识。没有这样一种在伦理上的基本...     

宗教伦理的现代价值

1993年8月28日至9月4日,在美国芝加哥召开了第二届世界宗教议会,来自全世界各地6500多名宗教领袖、宗教神学家聚集一起,共同探讨如何应对人类所面临的经济、政治、生态和精神、道德危机。在会议的最后一天,公开发表了得到绝大部分与会者认同和签名的《走向全球伦理宣言》。《宣言》的签署和发表之意义已经远远超出了《宣言》的内容本身,因为它证明了作为宗教与伦理这两种意识形式统一和整合之产物的宗教伦理不仅对宗教本身的现代发展,     

从宗教伦理回应全球危机──从《全球伦理宣言》看世界宗教趋向

从宗教伦理回应全球危机──从《全球伦理宣言》看世界宗教趋向张志刚《全球伦理宣言》（以下简称《宣言》）是在“世界宗教议会第二届大会”（１９９３．８．２４～９．４．美国芝加哥）上公诸于世的。它被称为“有史以来第一个为各宗教所认同的最低限度的伦理纲领”,因...     

儒家伦理成为普世伦理的可能性因素

最近一些年来,国际学术界、宗教界热烈地讨论了全球伦理或普世伦理的问题,提出了一些不同的观点。作为全球伦理观点提出者的代表,孔汉思对普世伦理作出这样的界说：全球伦理不是指一种全球性的意识形态,也不是一种超越一切现存宗教的单一而又统一的全球性宗教,更不是指一种一切宗教的混合物。     

宗教:伦理的可能基础——论汉斯·昆宗教伦理思想对伦理相对主义的克服及其限度

伦理相对主义是西方“现代化”历史变迁进程中出现的一种伦理思想,它主张伦理学不可能为人们的行为提供大家一致认可的、普遍有效的道德标准.汉斯·昆先生则认为,以人性为基础的宗教可以克服伦理相对主义,并为“普遍的、绝对的社会规范”提供可靠的解释,因为宗教是绝对的、无条件的存在.汉斯·昆的宗教伦理思想的根本缺陷在于其人性基础,因为他的人性观是一种抽象的人性观,是概念抽象.只有回到马克思主义人性观的基地上,伦理相对主义的克服才是真正可能的.     

普世伦理如何可能

本文是我对同一主题探究的继续：关于建构普世伦理的方法论问题。基于一种“弱伦理模式”或低度普世化的立场,我主张通过由多元文化对话到公共理性共识的文化解释一理性推理之二维平行求证方式,寻求道德共识,从而建构一种低限度的可行的普世伦理。我承认并重视多元宗教作为普世伦理之文化价值资源的重要意义,但质疑任何以宗教作为普世伦理之基础的“强伦理模式”,甚至也不相信通过“弱宗教模式”来建立普世伦理的实际可行性。在文化多元、政治多极和经济利益主体多样化的实际条件下,建立一种“弱伦理模式”的普世伦理是惟一可以合理期待的。     

现代普世伦理吁求与多元宗教对话

现代普世伦理吁求具有深刻的宗教背景和宗教基础;普世伦理并非宗教伦理,而是人类社会基本的道德共识和普遍的道德诉求;宗教多元化已经成为当今人类社会生存的一种现实,必须在多元宗教对话中寻求普世伦理的建构。     

普世伦理及其方法问题

编者往：普遍伦理或全球伦理问题是一个在当今国际社会引起广泛关注的问题。为了促进有关讨论,本刊曾于1997年第12期刊发了赵敦华先生的文章《也谈“全球伦理”,兼论宗教比较的方法论──从孔汉思的（全球贵任）谈起》。该文批判性地考察了德国著名神学家孔汉思的全球责任观,对全球伦理问题似乎持否定态度。这里发表的万俊人先生的文章,则在对包括孔汉思在内的西方主要学者的普遍伦理方案批判综合的基础上,提出了自己的有关方案,对普遍伦理问题似乎持肯定态度。两篇文章的见解和分析问题的历史观、方法论都有所不同,可对照阅读。值得…     

The Return Of The Religious

Recents discussions of expansion in the European Union and the possibility of envisioning a Muslim country in it has exacerbated the deep-seated anxiety about Islam among the liberal and extreme right in Europe. This paper suggests that there are recurring elements in the discourse of European cultural identity and one of these elements is the representation of Islam in its alterity to European identity and civilization. Questioning the thesis of a radical break with the Christian past, this paper questions whether the European cultural identity which is being formed today signifies a break with a religious form of identification. The liberal and extreme right opposes Turkish membership on the grounds that the differences between ‘European values’ and ‘European culture and lifestyle’ and Turkey's culture are what makes the latter essentially and fundamentally external to the essence of Europe. Tracing the remnants of Christian discourse in the contemporary fashioning of European identity, this paper discusses how Christianity, with its secularized versions, which are now displaced to culture and lifestyle, still holds a privileged position as a unifying theme in Europe. It suggests that one of the tests that awaits Europe is whether it will be capable of articulating a new but democratic identity for Europe, one that is responsive to the differences of the other or whether it wants to continue to be European by way of its old methods of exclusion.     

The Red and The Real

It is often claimed that principles of individuation imply essential properties of the things individuated. For example, sets are individuated by their members, hence sets have their members essentially. But how does this inference work? First I discuss the form of such inferences, and conclude that the essentialist inference is not a purely formal matter: although there is a form which all principles of individuation have in common, it is not true that any statement of that form is a principle of individuation, and hence there is no valid inference based purely on that form. However, I argue that there is a viable version of the essentialist inference nonetheless. The resources for a proper reconstruction of this type of inference can be gathered from reflections upon the role principles of individuation play in the project of the ontologist: such principles turn out to carry a modal weight similar to that of definitions or conceptual truths. It follows that, no matter how austere the ontology, some portion of essentialist modality is inevitable.     

医学教育人文精神缺失的弊端及对策

人文精神本是医学学科的根本要旨之一,然而,目前医学教育中普遍存在着人文精神缺失的状况.从医学教育的宗旨、医学模式的转变、医学生的综合素质、医患关系方面剖析了人文精神缺失的弊端并提出了相应对策.     

The Activities of The Scandinavian Societies

Freud's concept of the death instinct has given rise to many different interpretations which have often been contradictory. It is in fact already possible to discern two diametrically opposite meanings of this concept in Freud's work from 1920—Beyond the Pleasure Principle—in which he first introduced the concept of the death instinct. In this paper, it is argued that both these meanings are relevant in describing psychical life, although only one of these meanings actually qualifies for the concept “death instinct”. Beyond the Pleasure Principle was written in order to try to understand some everyday, as well as clinical phenomena which could not be explained by the so-called pleasure principle. Freud postulated something beyond the pleasure principle, which initially seemed to have to do with binding energy. I will preserve this idea and attempt to develop it within the context of a phenomenological analysis of time. The temporalization of the subject involves a very basic affirmation of existence, in that the subject experiences something constant, something that can be said to possess the quality of a gestalt. I propose that that which is beyond the pleasure principle—this binding of energy—should be understood as the opposite of the idea of a primordial death instinct striving towards death. In this case, that which is beyond the pleasure principle reflects an original affirmation of existence, which could be said to correspond to Freud's first meaning of the death instinct. The second meaning—for which the name “death instinct” seems to be applicable—concerns the discharge of energy, which from a temporal point of view shows itself as a tendency to dissolution. The concept of the death instinct in its various meanings is discussed in connection with phenomenological reflections on time, which is a different approach from Freud's attempt to ground the death instinct in biology.     

The neglected bulimic: The nonpurger

For nearly 10 years bulimia has been recognized officially as a distinct eating disorder, and yet in that time only minimal attention has focused on the nonpurging subtype. The present investigation compared 21 DSM-III-R diagnosed nonpurging bulimics with 22 non-eating-disordered controls on three standardized questionnaires and during a unique assessment task. In this procedure subjects imagined that they were the character in a series of slides and audiotaped flooding scenes. The content of the stimuli ranged from food and weight cues to issues hypothesized to play a role in the development or maintenance of bulimia (e.g., rejection or loss of control fears). A MANOVA conducted on the three questionnaires was highly significant, with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Restraint Scale being responsible for the elevated bulimic scores. A repeated-measures ANOVA performed on the self-report ratings during the exposure task also achieved significance, as the bulimics reported higher anxiety reactions than controls to each experimental stimulus. Significant skin conductance reactions were detected when a group of only the most psychophysiologically responsive bulimics and controls were compared. The importance of continued comprehensive evaluations with DSM-III-R nonpurging bulimics was emphasized.This research was supported by grants both from the University of New Mexico's Research Allocation Committee and the Biomedical Research Support Grant committee. Portions of this paper were presented at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy annual conference, Boston, November 1987.     

The Logic of The Goldhagen Debate

Since Daniel J. Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaustattempts to show that the Holocaust is explicable and can be understood largely in terms of a single cause, “eliminationist anti-Semitism”, it is not surprising that the book has generated an international debate. What is surprising is the magnitude and emotional intensity of the debate. This article argues that the deepest flaws in it Hitler's Willing Executioners,as well as the chasm of disagreement between Goldhagen's detractors and defenders, have as much to do with reasoning and concepts as with matters of fact. It concludes that Goldhagen's central argument is stronger than many of his critics claim, but that the inadequacy of his cognitive interpretation of anti-Semitism and his unexamined psychological assumptions weaken his attempt to explain the Holocaust. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.