ANOMIA AND CLOSE FRIENDSHIP COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

A causal model relating aspects of interpersonal communication to anomia was tested with a sample of 58 students. While the overall model failed to fit the data, several specific hypotheses were supported. Both perceived similarity among members of close friendship networks and the level of interpersonal communication skills were negatively related to anomia. Residential mobility and anomia were positively associated. The level of communication network integration (connectedness) was not related to anomia, but the level of perceived communication effort was negatively associated with the level of network integration.     

NEGOTIATING THE LIFE NARRATIVE

This article explores two methodological issues that arise when researchers involve the women they study in the construction of life narratives. These issues are examined in the context of an interview-derived, life-narrative study of an African American social worker. First, the tension between presenting a neatly unified identity in a written text and acknowledging the contradictions within any person's life story are discussed from both the researcher's and participant's vantage point. The second issue addresses the dilemma that arises when the researcher and the research participant disagree about the meanings and interpretations garnered from the participant's life story. I contend that it is precisely at this moment that the research process has the potential to become a dialogue between theorists and that scholars can incorporate a woman's own theorizing about her life in the research. In concluding, several methodological suggestions are offered as broad guidelines for researchers planning a life-narrative study.     

THE FRIENDSHIP NETWORKS OF FOREIGN STUDENTS: A REPLICATION AND EXTENSION OF THE FUNCTIONAL MODEL*

The aim of this study was to replicate and extend the study of Bochner et al. (1977) which presented a functional model for the development of overseas student friendship patterns. Whereas Bochner et al. (1977) used only 30 Far Eastern foreign students and 6 host nationals in his Hawaian study, this study used 140 foreign students from each continent. Subjects were asked to specify various aspects (including nationality) of their three best friends, and also their preferred companion for each of a range of everyday situations. The friendship network data revealed a strong preference for co-national friends first, other nationals second and host nationals third, while the preferred companion data showed co-nationals first, then host nationals and finally ‘other’ nationals. The results closely match the results of Bochner et al. (1977) and provide further evidence for the functional model.     

THE STORIES WE TELL: THE LIVES AND FRIENDSHIP OF TWO OLDER BLACK LESBIANS

Research addressing the lives and friendships of older Black lesbians is virtually nonexistent. Using narrative analysis, we chronicle the lives of two older Black lesbians (73 and 85 years of age) through the lens of positive marginality. The concept of positive marginality asserts that living both inside and outside of the mainstream produces strengths rather than helplessness ( Mayo, 1982 ). We use four conceptual frames of reference to explore positive marginality: critical watching and reframing of life experiences on the margins, wise conversion of obstacles into opportunities, the subversion of social institutions, and the creation of safe spaces for people on the margin. From these two women's stories, we show how each, through lives of activism and seduction, created positive environments that defied traditional categories. We discuss how race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and aging affected their lives and how their friendship was an anchor for each. We offer their stories as a point of entry to future inquiry concerning older Black lesbians.     

不确定性风险选择的抱负水平—相对效用整合理论

本文认为不确定性风险决策备择方案的选择标准既不是规范效用理论所主张的效用最大化,也不只是研究者们基于西蒙有限理性决策理论而提出的抱负水平,而是存在于决策不同阶段上的、由启发式策略控制着的这两种标准的整合,我们称之为抱负水平－相对效用整合标准。为此,我们在研究抱负水平结构的基础上提出了负险选择的抱负水平－相对效用整合理论及其支持性研究证据,并就有关问题进行了讨论与思考。指出抱负水平－相对效用整合是风     

小学生形成合取概念的策略训练及其迁移效果

采用明确要求、策略讲授、讨论比较、练习巩固的方法,对小学四年级儿童形成合取概念的策略进行训练,结果发现：训练不仅能够促进儿童形成合取概念的能力发展,而且提高了他们的元认知水平,并在相关的问题解决中表现出能力的迁移。     

SACRAMENTAL SUFFERING: THE FRIENDSHIP OF FLANNERY O’CONNOR AND ELIZABETH HESTER1

As the only orthodox Christian writer the American nation has yet produced, Flannery O’Connor created a remarkable body of fiction rooted in a profoundly sacramental theology. The depth of O’Connor's sacramentalism has recently been revealed with the opening of her remarkable letters to Elizabeth Hester, her most important epistolary friend. Their eleven‐year correspondence centers upon two inseparable matters: conversion and suffering. The aim of this essay is to explore how the gift (or refusal) of faith comes through the embrace (or rejection) of a participation in God's own life through a life of sacramental suffering.     

训练对6岁儿童友谊特性认知发展的影响

研究目的是寻找促进幼儿对友谊特性认知发展的有效干预措施。采用有结构的故事讲解加系列提问的方法,对实验组２０名６岁幼儿进行为期２周的训练,结果表明,这种训练有效地促进了他们对友谊特性的认知发展,其主要效果表现在互相帮助和冲突解决两个方面。     

AGE AND GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FRIENDSHIP

Since stereotypes about appropriate social behavior appear to influence questionnaires and other self-reported data concerning friendship, an in-depth interview format was used to explore gender and age differences in friendship patterns. Thirty-one subjects were interviewed: five young males, six young females, fivemidlife males, five midlife females, five older males, and five older females. As in our previous questionnaire studies, groups described friendship in superficially similar ways. However, in the taped interviews, large gender differences appeared that followed conceptually along instrumental/expressive dimensions. Women at all ages were more expressive in their friendships, showing higher levels of empathy and altruism than men. Age differences also appeared, with men developing increased concern and thoughtfulness in friendship with greater age, and women showing more tolerance and less confrontation of their friends with greater age.     

UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL: SEPTEMBER 11, THROUGH THE LENS OF A PSYCHOTHERAPIST

The author, a Manhattan-based psychotherapist situated less than 2 miles from the World Trade Center, provides numerous, graphic clinical vignettes of how patients, some of whom actually witnessed the September 11 attack, reacted to the devastation. Two stages are delineated: an initial one in which patients experienced a raising of existential consciousness, a desire to prioritize their lives, an upsurge in the need for meaningful human contact, and a manifest concerted effort to relate in a more compassionate manner, and a second stage, seemingly a backlash to the first, in which patients, now angry, retreated into frank narcissistic preoccupations. Patient dynamics are then placed in a broader context and examined from Christopher Lasch's concept of a culture of narcissism and from Winnicott's formulation of a true and false self. Drawing on his own extensive studies of the self, the author explores the dynamics of what he calls the pervasive inhibition of intimacy, narcissistic giving, and the danger of a mental health profession that yields to pressure to deliver unrealistically rapid symptom relief.     

MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION,DIFFERENTIAL POWER,AND PHASING OF CONCESSIONS: NEGOTIATING SUCCESS AND ATTRIBUTIONS TO THE OPPONENT1

The effect of three variables thought to be important to the negotiation process was investigated via an attributional analysis. Three different communication modes (audio, audio/video, face-to-face), three levels of power (high, equal, low), and three prior concession-phasing strategies (alternating, increasingly cooperative, decreasingly cooperative) were combined in a factorial design to determine their effect on negotiation outcomes and negotiator attributions. The data indicated that the communication and power variables were the most potent, with the face-to-face communication mode producing the best joint outcomes, followed by the audio/video and audio-only conditions. The various “prior” concession strategies had little effect on subsequent negotiation outcomes. Several significant internal/external attributions of locus of causality were found, as were significantly different impression ratings according to conditions.     

THE EFFECT OF THE ABSENCE OF CLOSE SUPERVISION ON THE USE OF RESPONSE COST IN A PRISON TOKEN ECONOMY1

A naturally occurring experiment, in which direct supervision of a token economy in a penal system was removed and re-instated, is reported. A retrospective analysis revealed that in the absence of close supervision the use of response cost rose dramatically, both in terms of categories of behaviors for which response costs were levied and in the frequency of their use. The return of direct supervision led to a decreased use and an end to the growth of categories of behaviors punished.