《青少年心理健康素质调查表》人际素质分量表的编制

研究目的是编制一份青少年心理健康素质的人际素质分量表。根据青少年心理健康素质的理论,心理健康素质人际素质分量表结构包括3个维度,即人际交往能力、人际知觉和人际调控,共编制21个条目。本文就3次施测的结果分析了该分量表的内部一致性系数、重测信度和结构效度。结果表明,心理健康素质人际素质分量表符合心理测量学的要求,可以作为测量青少年人际心理健康素质的工具。     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURE OF PERCEIVED HOMOPHILY IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

This paper reports the development of a measure of perceived homophily. In both an initial investigation and in four subsequent studies employing samples from diverse populations, four dimensions of response were observed. These dimensions were labeled Attitude, Morality, Appearance, and Background. Additional results indicated that opinion leaders are perceived as more homophilous than non-opinion leaders on the dimensions of Attitude, Morality, and Background. The scales found to measure these dimensions are suggested for consideration by researchers concerned with homophily or interpersonal similarity in human communication.     

THE CURRENT STATUS OF THEORY AND RESEARCH IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

This paper details four alternative perspectives for conceptualizing the interpersonal communication process, emphasizing their implications for the theorist and researcher of interpersonal communication. The four perspectives discussed are the situational approach, the developmental approach, the law-governed approach, and the rule-governed approach. The strengths and limitations of each perspective are examined, and some suggested priorities for future research are offered.     

SYMPOSIUM ON MASS AND INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

This study employs the 1983–1985 data from Social Sciences Citation Index's Journal Citation Reports to examine citation linkages of 10 communication journals. Some newly developed citation indices, together with existing ones, are used to examine the citation characteristics of these journals. The citation patterns found in this study are consistent with Reeves and Borgman's findings. There are some indications of gradual development in the field. However, in comparison with other social science fields, communication is still less developed and occupies only a peripheral position in the ecology of knowledge. The relative lack of interflow within the field and between communication and other fields is quite prominent.     

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION FOLLOWING THE WALLACE SHOOTING1

A natural social disruption produced by the attempted assassination of George Wallace provided an opportunity to conduct a field study concerned with the mediating effects of self-esteem, birth-order, sex, and social situation on the relationship between anxiety and interpersonal communication among a sample of high school students. Contrary to expectations based on previous research, the significant relationship between anxiety and affiliation, while affected by social situation, was not generally influenced or mediated by the other variables. Possible explanations for these findings are explored, and an overall causal model is suggested to account for the findings.     

THE EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION ON INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION

Two studies are reported which indicate that high communication apprehensives are perceived as less interpersonally attractive than low communication apprehensives by members of the opposite sex. Effects of physical appearance and attitude similarity on interpersonal attraction, consistent with previous research, were also observed. It was also found that, in general, the more communication apprehensive the subject the less the subject was attracted to other people.     

THE CONCEPTUALIZATION AND MEASUREMENT OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SATISFACTION

The development and testing of a measure of interpersonal communication satisfaction is reported. In the first stage, Likert-style items were constructed from two types of questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, and previous empirical and theoretical work in the satisfaction field. During the second stage, items were tested by applying them to ideally satisfying and dissatisfying conversations. The third stage consisted of further item analyses and factor analysis. The final stage generated reliability and validity information. The resulting 19-item, unidimensional inventory exhibited a high degree of reliability and validity when used to measure communication satisfaction with actual and recalled conversations with another perceived to be a friend, acquaintance, or stranger.     

SOME EXPLORATIONS IN INITIAL INTERACTION AND BEYOND: TOWARD A DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

This paper provides a theoretical perspective for dealing with the initial entry stage of interpersonal interaction. The seven axioms and 21 theorems presented suggest a set of research priorities for studying the development of interpersonal relationships. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the problems to be considered if the theory is to be extended beyond the initial stages of interaction.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN

The present study was primarily concerned with the communication skill development of physically handicapped children. Since these children often are denied contact with peers because of their disabilities, it was suggested that they may be unable to develop the perspective-taking ability necessary for adapting communication to a specific listener. It was also suggested that the increased contact provided by moving the handicapped into regular public school classrooms may help alleviate this problem. First-, third-, and sixth-grade children, handicapped and nonhandicapped, with and without the others in their classes, were tested on their listener-adaptation abilities in general and their adaptation to handicapped children, using pictures as stimuli for messages. The results support the hypothesis that handicapped children are deficient in listener adaptation. Classroom association with “normals” seems to improve this, but does not raise them to the level of their nonhandicapped peers. Nonhandicapped children are unable to adapt to handicapped children, and contact with the handicapped does not seem to improve this situation. Being in an integrated class seems to have some positive effects on handicapped children and few effects on the nonhandicapped.     

A STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT IN SELF-ANALYTIC GROUPS

The purpose of this research was to examine patterns of information-processing over time in self-analytic groups. The communication in two groups was categorized by means of the Systems Information Processing Analysis (SIPA) category system. Messages were coded on four dimensions of information-processing: (1) source of information, (2) time orientation, (3) evolution of information, and (4) reduction of equivocality. The sequence of coded messages was then compared with a first-order Markov chain model. The results indicate the communication data from the groups are first-order; the groups are nonhomogeneous; stereotypy (predictability of patterns) is low to moderately high across the four dimensions; patterns in the evolution of information dimension are stationary over time. Patterns in the three other SIPA dimensions are nonstationary (time dependent) and suggest nonlinear changes. The information-processing patterns in the groups indicate that most information was spontaneously generated within the groups; the predominate time orientation was “present”; the form of message generally was either neutral opinion or new information; and moderate to moderately high uncertainty existed over time.     

THE CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION BEHAVIOR: A FACTOR-ANALYTIC STUDY

A provisional taxonomy of interpersonal behavior, ordered as a circumplex, was empirically derived from both the phenomenological and public communication ratings of subjects. At both levels, ratings were most prominently influenced by a Control dimension, made up of the perceptions of socially undesirable behaviors. The circular arrangements of the variables showed that a gap existed in the active and passive affective quadrants. It was suggested that revision of the IBI incorporate the affective dimensions associated with the findings of interpersonal competence research and that communication researchers give appropriate emphasis to the affective domain of interpersonal behavior.     

INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT IN HETEROCULTURAL DYADS1

Conflit interpersonnel entre deux individus de culture différente. — Des sujets arabes et américains sont groupés par deux et doivent prendre une décision commune en matière de politique étrangère. On fait systématiquement varier les dyades du point de vue de la similitude cognitive des sujets (opinions semblables ou dissemblables en matière de politique étrangère) et de la composition culturelle (couples d'américains ou couples comprenant un arabe et un américain). Sur un total de 28 dyades en conflit, les résultats montrent que le conflit interpersonnel peut être valablement manipulé en laboratoire et que les compromis et la réduction des conflits sont affectés à la fois par les caractéristiques des sujets et la composition des dyades.     

DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE INTERPERSONAL SEXUAL OBJECTIFICATION SCALE

This study reports on the development and psychometric evaluation of the Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale (ISOS). Data from 576 college women were collected in three studies. Exploratory factor analysis uncovered two factors: Body Evaluation and Unwanted Explicit Sexual Advances; confirmatory factor analysis supported this factor structure. ISOS scores were internally consistent and stable over a 3-week period. Supporting its construct validity, ISOS scores were (a) strongly related to sexist degradation; (b) slightly to moderately related to other sexist events, self-objectification (i.e., body surveillance and internalization of the thin-ideal), and body shame; and (c) unrelated to socially desirable responding. The relationship between ISOS scores and body shame was fully mediated by self-objectification, providing additional evidence for its construct validity. Furthermore, the ISOS garnered incremental validity, as it predicted self-objectification above and beyond the variance accounted for by sexist events.     

中国青少年心理健康素质·人际素质的研究

采用《青少年心理健康素质调查表·人际素质分量表》对全国23个省、市、自治区的44063名青少年人际心理健康素质发展状况进行调查。结果表明：（1）我国青少年人际素质处于较好的发展水平;（2）青少年在整体人际素质及人际交往、人际调控、人际知觉等各维度上的年级变化呈现一定差异,整体人际素质与人际交往、人际调控维度得分随年级增长呈现下降趋势,人际知觉维度得分随年级的增长呈逐渐上升趋势。     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAIT AND STATE COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION AND INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTIONS DURING ACQUAINTANCE STAGES

The primary purpose of the research was to examine the effect of trait and state communication apprehension on interpersonal perceptions (credibility, attraction, and opinion leadership) during initial and later acquaintance stages of dyadic linkages. The results of the investigation indicated that the results of previously reported simulated studies may not generalize to real, interacting dyads. Trait CA was found to account for little variance in interpersonal perceptions. However, state CA was found to be a potent predictor of such perceptions, particularly in a later stage of acquaintance. It was found that trait and state CA were significantly correlated in the early acquaintance stage, but were unrelated at a later stage. It was also found that state CA did not decline as a function of length of acquaintance, nor did interpersonal perceptions become more positive as a function of increased interaction.     

A REEXAMINATION OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN INTERPERSONAL VERBS

A study by Thompson, Hatchett, and Phillips (1981) found that males and females differed in their judgment of interpersonal verbs (IPVs). Females were said to give more extreme affect ratings and less extreme control ratings to IPVs than did males. The present study re–examined these findings utilizing multidimensional scaling techniques. Similarity/dissimilarity ratings of 105 combinations of 15 paired IPVs were made by 43 female and 39 male students. Analysis via COSPA yielded two dimensions of meaning underlying IPVs which were similar to those used by Thompson et al.: Affect and Control. Analyses of the data using three different approaches failed, however, to bear out Thompson et al.'s findings of sex differences in the judgment of IPVs.     

COMMUNICATION ROLES AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS IN A FORMAL ORGANIZATION

This study identified persons in two communication-based roles in a formal organization: liaisons and nonliaison group members. Reported member contacts were mapped onto a matrix so that communication groups could be identified. Separate networks were constructed for each of three message functions and liaisons were identified within networks. Liaisons and nonliaisons were compared on the basis of their perceptions of their own and their frequent contacts' behaviors and attributes. Eight hypotheses were tested regarding self- and other-perceptions of: range of contacts, influence, possession of particular information types, message control, satisfaction with management messages, system openness, and liaison occupancy of formal supervisory roles. Suggestions were made as to the utility of mapping communication networks, identifying communication-based roles, and examining the characteristics of role occupants.     

大学班集体人际关系的心理学研究

本研究综合运用调查访问、社会测量法和观察法对大学文科和理工科一、二、四年级的21个班的人际关系作了考察。结果表明,1)大学班集体非正式的内部结构有一定的特点,2)班集体中的两极人物有明显的个性特质,3)大学生择友的基本要求是品德和心理相似性,4)大学生对班集体领导人的心理品质有一定的基本要求,5)大学生的自我观念与他们的人际关系有着密切的联系。     

PROACTIVE AND RETROACTIVE ATTRIBUTION PROCESSES IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS1

The purpose of the present series of studies was to investigate the process of proactive and retroactive attribution in ongoing communication transactions. This objective was accomplished by studying the ways in which information disclosed early in the relationship is used (1) to form predictions concerning the probable attitudes of the other person, and (2) to explain subsequent communication behavior as the relationship progresses. Experiment I revealed that perceived background similarity led to predictions of attitude similarity. Experiments II and III found that consistency between early information and later behavior led to the utilization of early information to explain later behavior. These findings were discussed in terms of uncertainty reduction during initial interaction.     

ILLUSORY CORRELATION IN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH

The results of this investigation suggests that one memory-based measure of communication style (and perhaps other similar measures) tap conceptually related memory items that are not synonymous with actual communication behavior. In this study, a small number of respondents were able to replicate to a considerable extent, without regard to anyone's communication behavior in particular, the pattern of associations from a previously published investigation. Implications of this and related findings are also discussed.