THE EFFECTS OF DIALECTICAL SIMILARITY,STEREOTYPING, AND MESSAGE AGREEMENT ON INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION

This project was undertaken to investigate the interrelationships among three variables—dialectical similarity, stereotyping, and message agreement—and their effect on the speaker evaluation variables of source competence, character appeal, interpersonal attraction and message coherence. The main experiment consisted of four stimulus conditions; two levels of dialect (Southern and Midwestern); and two messages (one relevant and one irrelevant to the Southern stereotype). The results of the study indicated that (1) the relationship between dialectical similarity and stereotyping was contingent on message context; (2) an interaction occurred between the message relevant to the stereotype and the dialect associated with the stereotype producing disproportionately low means; and (3) stereotyping appeared to be more strongly associated with the dependent variables than message agreement, but dialectical similarity was less strongly associated than message agreement.     

情绪调节灵活性的研究进展

情绪调节是个体适应现实的主要方式之一。由于情境和策略均会影响情绪调节效果,近期研究不仅关注个体在特定情境下使用特定的情绪调节策略,而且更加关注个体在变化情境下灵活地使用不同的情绪调节策略,即强调情绪调节灵活性的作用。基于情绪调节灵活性是个体随着情境的改变而同步改变策略,本文提出了情境改变、策略改变以及情境和策略的同步改变三个要素,介绍了情绪调节灵活性的三水平模型和三成分模型,区分了情绪调节灵活性的三类研究范式,讨论了情绪调节灵活性及其适应性,并指出了未来值得关注的研究方向。     

Guilt and Guiltlessness: An Integrative Review

This paper reviews the relationship between guilt and prosocial behaviors, and integrates multiple antisocial phenomena with the construct of guiltlessness both at the interpersonal and intergroup level. Interpersonal guilt is basically prosocial and introspective. Collective guilt is the vicarious acceptance of misdeeds of the ingroup. Yet it is sometimes so painful and detrimental for the individual and the society to tolerate guilt that people do not feel guilty, especially when the possibility of reparation is low. We argue that guilt is the acceptance of the mildly undesirable self whereas guiltlessness is the rejection of unbearable mental distress of anticipatory guilt. Guiltlessness requires great efforts for defense and justification. Multiple strategies and justifications are sought to relieve guilt. Furthermore, guiltlessness is related to various personality and ideology variables and entails moral disengagement. Guiltlessness can be destructive because, for example, during times of large‐scale conflicts ordinary people who feel guiltless are inclined to become ruthless. Reciprocity morality, ostracism, deservingness, empathy, and self‐control are proposed as means of explaining the origins of guilt and their implications for guiltlessness.     

双眼深度感知与图像元素数量的关系

用微机化的伪随机点立体图对发生器产生静态和动态随机点立体图对(RDS),显示在左右两个示波器上。RDS图形中的元素密度可以改变。具有正常立体视的10名被试通过立体镜观察这些图形,测量双眼融合能产生完整立体图形感知所需最小的元素密度,即密度容限。 设计了三个实验用以检测改变RDS图形的空间参数对密度客限的影响。第一个实验,在静、动态RDS图形下,改变视差图形面积;第二个实验,改变视差图形的形状;第三个实验,改变视差图形的周长。 实验结果表明,双眼深度感知要求一定的元素密度容限,视差图形的大小和形状对密度容限有一定程度的影响。静态和动态RDS图形的密度容限也不相同。 本文利用RDS的整体立体感知特性和空间频率通道理论对实验结果进行了讨论。     

青少年的时间透视、人际卷入与互联网使用的关系

通过问卷法调查了589名青少年的互联网使用状况,拟探讨影响青少年互联网使用的重要变量。研究发现不同时间定向可以通过不同人际卷入变量预测青少年的病理性互联网使用。研究指出,重视不同人际卷入变量（如积极同伴卷入与适度父母卷入）对于青少年病理性互联网使用的中介作用,可能有利于青少年更好受益于互联网使用。     

Ethical Leadership: An Integrative Review and Future Research Agenda

Over the past decade, ethical leadership has increasingly become one of the most popular topics in the areas of leadership and business ethics. As a result, there now exists a substantial body of empirical research addressing ethical leadership issues, but the findings reported by this body of research are highly fragmented. The topic has advanced to the stage where a review and synthesis of existing literature can provide great value and help move the scholarly conversation forward. The primary purposes of this article are to (a) review empirical findings from the ethical leadership literature utilizing a framework consisting of the antecedents, mediators, moderators and outcomes of ethical leadership, and (b) suggest a set of interesting research opportunities, thereby facilitating future investigation. We base our synthesis on a review of 62 empirical studies on ethical leadership that were published between 2005 and mid-2015.     

Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders: An Integrative Review

The construct of emotion regulation has been increasingly investigated in the last decade, and this work has important implications for advancing anxiety disorder theory. This paper reviews research demonstrating that: 1) emotion (i.e., fear and anxiety) and emotion regulation are distinct, non-redundant, constructs that can be differentiated at the conceptual, behavioral, and neural levels of analysis; 2) emotion regulation can augment or diminish fear, depending on the emotion regulation strategy employed; and 3) measures of emotion regulation explain incremental variance in anxiety disorder symptoms above and beyond the variance explained by measures of emotional reactivity. The authors propose a model by which emotion regulation may function in the etiology of anxiety disorders. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research.     

Promoting an Empathic Dialectic for Therapeutic Change: An Integrative Review

This integrative review is focused on a formulation of therapeutic empathy. We describe the “empathic dialectic” as therapists’ capacity to emotionally resonate with patients’ internal states, such as during ruptures, and to coregulate their own and the patients’ states through mentalization. The first aim was to provide a theoretical framework for the empathic dialectic, by summarizing background literature on the empathic process, intersubjectivity, rupture repair, relational psychoanalysis, and attachment. The second aim was to conduct an integrative review of peer-reviewed articles published between the years of 2016 and 2021. After conducting a review of 28 articles, we sought to identify (1) research that supports the existence of an empathic dialectic, (2) evidence that therapists’ attachment influences the empathic dialectic, and (3) implications of the empathic dialectic for training and supervision. Results pointed to the central role of therapists’ attachment security in the empathic dialectic, and the negative repercussions of therapists’ insecurity when mentalization is underdeveloped. Results also highlighted the role of supervision as a means of enhancing trainees’ self-awareness of their attachment, and its impact on the alliance. As the American Psychological Association embraces a clinical competencies model in its accreditation of clinical psychology doctoral programs, the importance of attaining an integrative understanding of therapeutic empathy has become increasingly imperative. To this end, we conclude by promoting the empathic dialectic as a key clinical competency, and providing further recommendations for training and supervision.

     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAIT AND STATE COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION AND INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTIONS DURING ACQUAINTANCE STAGES

The primary purpose of the research was to examine the effect of trait and state communication apprehension on interpersonal perceptions (credibility, attraction, and opinion leadership) during initial and later acquaintance stages of dyadic linkages. The results of the investigation indicated that the results of previously reported simulated studies may not generalize to real, interacting dyads. Trait CA was found to account for little variance in interpersonal perceptions. However, state CA was found to be a potent predictor of such perceptions, particularly in a later stage of acquaintance. It was found that trait and state CA were significantly correlated in the early acquaintance stage, but were unrelated at a later stage. It was also found that state CA did not decline as a function of length of acquaintance, nor did interpersonal perceptions become more positive as a function of increased interaction.     

意识和无意识知觉:注意和刺激特性间的相互补偿

该研究基于Exclusion任务,利用质的差异的研究范式,不仅确立了意识和无意识知觉在行为结果上的质的差异,而且发现刺激特性和注意在决定知觉意识时存在相互补偿的现象。在实验一中,当靶字短暂呈现时。被试用靶字补笔的比率高于基线水平;而当延长靶字呈现时间或提高对靶字的注意水平时,出现反转现象一用靶字补笔的比率低于基线水平。相对应地,在实验二中,分散注意条件下被试用靶字补笔的比率高于基线水平;而当注意集中或在分散注意条件下延长呈现时间时,出现了反转现象。     

Comorbidity of Anxiety and Depression in Children and Adolescents: An Integrative Review

Much evidence exists documenting the comorbidity of anxiety and affective disorders in youth. Furthermore, comorbidity appears to have serious implications both in terms of severity of impairment and course of disorder. Despite this, little is known about the meaning behind the high rate of co-occurrence of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Several conditions exist that may give rise to comorbidity. Specifically, two disorders may be comorbid when there is a high rate of symptom overlap between the disorders, when one underlying construct is split into two separate disorders, when the disorders share common risk or etiological factors, or because one disorder causes or increases the risk of developing the second disorder. The present paper examines each of these explanations as they relate to the comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth.     

Work-Life Balance: an Integrative Review

Based on a thorough review of the literature we introduce an integrated conceptualization of work-life balance involving two key dimensions: engagement in work life and nonwork life and minimal conflict between social roles in work and nonwork life. Based on this conceptualization we review much of the evidence concerning the consequences of work-life balance in terms work-related, nonwork-related, and stress-related outcomes. We then identify a set of personal and organizational antecedents to work-life balance and explain their effects on work-life balance. Then we describe a set of theoretical mechanisms linking work-life balance and overall life satisfaction. Finally, we discuss future research directions and policy implications.     

多元整合元分析法评介

在传统元分析中, 每个研究只能提取一个效果量, 以满足各效果量相互独立的条件。若出现单个研究多效果量的情况, 就需要采用多元元分析技术予以处理。多元元分析主要包括多元线性模型法和多元整合法, 其中, 多元整合法是应用最为广泛的一种方法, 可较为有效地解决多效果量非独立性问题, 还可借助传统元分析的固定效应模型和混合效应模型进行统计分析。但多元整合法在应用中还存在着统计软件的开发问题、同质性Q检验显著性的稳定问题、不同质混合效果量的同质性检验的可行性问题。     

知觉与行为分离现象在二维铁钦纳错觉实验中的验

利用二维铁钦纳错觉图片对单手及双手抓握情境下的知觉与行为分离现象进行实验验证,并探讨注意引导等因素对分离现象的影响。实验包括知觉任务和行为任务两项内容,前者主要测量被试的主观错觉量,后者则探讨分离现象是否存在及其影响因素。在行为任务中,记录被试在中心（目标）圆尺寸“实际相同”和“知觉相同”等不同情境下的行为,以拇指和食指抓握图片中心圆的最大抓握孔径为行为指标。结果发现：单手抓握时,左、右手的行为虽然在一定程度上受到了错觉的影响,但均显示出分离现象;双手抓握时,右手受错觉影响的程度减少,分离现象增强,而左手的结果则比较混淆。因此,分离现象是存在的,但它的出现可能受到注意引导、注意分配倾向或双手协调能力等因素的影响。     

用整合的观点看情绪

该文主要根据James R．Averill(1997)等人的观点，从整合的角度探讨了情绪问题，阐述了情绪分析的框架。此框架由6个情绪变量组成，分五个水平。在阐述了这五个水平及其关系之后，又从下向上论述了处于不同情绪组织水平上的成份反应、情绪状态、情绪症侯群和气质特征。     

正常和弱视者立体和形状视觉感知时间的差异

在速示器,以随机点立体图对为刺激,测量了正常和弱视者的立体视和形状视感知时间。实验表明:正常被试需要大约100ms感知深度,110ms或更长时间感知形状。这二种感知时间与刺激视差的种类和大小无关。弱视者需要比正常人较长的时间达到立体和形状的视感知。这二种感知时间的差别,弱视者也大于正常人。视锐度和立体视范围均恢复到正常的弱视者,以上二种感知时间,可以达到正常人范围,也可能显著地大于正常人。     

SECOND-ORDER DEVELOPMENT IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Developmental studies in interpersonal communication have focused on first-order development—relational development within a given matrix of rules. Neglected has been the interpersonal communication that results in second-order development—the creation of a new interpersonal system. A rationale, a model, and procedures for the study of second-order development are presented. A case is analyzed, and several conclusions are proposed. Second-order development (1) follows a predictable pattern, (2) it is marked by personal struggle, (3) its outcomes are oblique to its happening, and (4) it involves risk. Future research is directed toward the effects on second-order development of certain kinds of episodes and their sequential order and toward the use of the procedures demonstrated in analyzing the development of long-standing relationships.