CONTRIBUTION A UNE ETUDE COMPARATIVE DES GARCONS ET DES FILLES EN FRANCE*

The sample of subjects and the modifications to the general research design due to local pecularities are described. From the analyses on the four questionnaires emerges an effect of sex on the following variables: Desired Number of Children (F> M), Masculinity (M > F), Femininity (M < F), Willing to compote (M > F) and five professional values from the fifteen. There is also an effect of the technical versus college samples on Educational Aspirations and Expectations, on Masculinity for self (but only for the older subjects) and on seven professional values. Positive correlations are obtained (for males and females, separately) between age, on the one hand, and Educational Aspirations, Educational Expectations, and the valorisation of Variety, on the other hand. The relationships between age, on the one hand, and Competition and Prestige, on the other hand, decrease as a function of age. For males, the value of Work decreases with age. For females, Masculinity as well as Work Security both decrease with age while the values of Independency and Creativity increase. Although the correlational analyses suggest some differences between males and females, the strongest correlations are common to both sexes. A preliminary study has been carried out on the effect of social environment.     

CONTRIBUTION A UNE ETUDE COMPARATIVE DES REPRESENTATIONS DES ROLES ET STATUTS MASCULINS ET FEMININS CHEZ LES JEUNES TUNISIENS SCOLARISES

After highlighting the local problems of the investigation and the cooperation with the other research groups, the authors describe the sample of subjects which is not representative of the whole Tunisian youth, and the application conditions of the questionnaire in Tunis. The Masculinity score is not affected by sex, age and academic orientation while sex and academic orientation influence the Femininity score. Sex is an important variable on the Importance of Marriage (F>M) and the Number of children desired (Fgt; M) but does not influence Educational Aspiration and Expectation. About the same findings are obtained for both sexes on the occupational values: Success is the most important factor. Academic orientation affects Success and Security (technical > college), and Creative, and Prestige (college > technical). The authors conclude that for the sample of subjects studied, attitudes, motivations and representations are changing.     

SEX-RELATED ATTITUDES AND PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES

First, differences in attitudes and beliefs towards masculine and feminine roles as well as legal and social facts in the U.S. are presented. Due to women's and civil rights movements those differences are changing now. However, inequalities and barriers for changing are still not completely overcome, often referring to differences in temperament and motivation between men and women which are assumed to be based on biological and/or socializing factors. In the U.S. sample, sex differences emerged on the following variables: Marriage importance (F> M), Masculinity score for self (M > F), Femininity score for self (F > M), Femininity score for ideal man (F > M), Masculinity score for ideal women (F > M) and Competitiveness (M > F). Academic orientation also influences the Educational Aspirations and Expectations (college > technical) and the Masculinity score for the ideal woman (college > technical). Suggestions are given for future research work: finding techniques to decrease sex stereotypes and focusing research on the conditions which were responsible in the past for the traditional masculine and feminine roles in the American Society and how these roles no longer are appropriate.     

Effects of gender and sex role orientation on help-seeking attitudes

This study investigated the effects of gender and sex role orientation (masculinity and femininity) on attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help in a sample of 163 student trainee teachers (52 males and 111 females) in Singapore. The mean age of students was 25.39 years (SD = 3.80). ANOVAs revealed statistically significant main effects for gender and femininity on attitudes toward help-seeking. Specifically, females were reported to have more positive overall attitudes toward professional help-seeking and were more willing to recognize a personal need for professional help compared to males. Femininity significantly influenced students’ level of stigma tolerance. These findings suggest that both gender and sex role orientation play an independent role in influencing help-seeking attitudes. In addition, these variables appear to have a differential impact on different aspects of helpseeking.     

Effects of gender and sex role orientation on help-seeking attitudes

This study investigated the effects of gender and sex role orientation (masculinity and femininity) on attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help in a sample of 163 student trainee teachers (52 males and 111 females) in Singapore. The mean age of students was 25.39 years (SD = 3.80). ANOVAs revealed statistically significant main effects for gender and femininity on attitudes toward help-seeking. Specifically, females were reported to have more positive overall attitudes toward professional help-seeking and were more willing to recognize a personal need for professional help compared to males. Femininity significantly influenced students’ level of stigma tolerance. These findings suggest that both gender and sex role orientation play an independent role in influencing help-seeking attitudes. In addition, these variables appear to have a differential impact on different aspects of helpseeking.     

The Effect of Mother's Employment on the Achievement,Aspirations, and Expectations of the Child

This study of 3,014 high school seniors examined school achievement and educational aspirations and expectations of youth of working and nonworking mothers. The sample was stratified by socio-economic level and by the sex of the student. The fact that mothers were employed full-time appeared to have little, if any, detrimental effect on children in regard to educational aspirations, expectations, and achievement. There was even a trend for these children to have higher educational aspirations and expectations than children of nonworking mothers, with the exception of boys from the professional socio-economic level. Aspirations and expectations were less divergent at higher socio-economic levels than at lower levels. Girls with working mothers planned to combine a homemaking and working career in their own lives more often than did girls with nonworking mothers. Children of both sexes with working mothers, at lower socio-economic levels but not at professional levels, expected more financial help from their family for future schooling.     

Vocational interests,personality, and sociosexuality as indicators of a general masculinity/femininity factor

Several individual difference domains include variables that show substantial sex differences and may be considered indicators of masculinity/femininity (M/F). We examined the structure of gender-related characteristics from three domains (vocational interests, personality characteristics, and sociosexually relevant sexual fantasies) to determine whether a general factor of M/F can be derived even when participant sex is controlled, and if so, which domains and which variables within those domains are the best indicators of that factor. In a sample of 198 undergraduate students, we found strong intercorrelations between indicators of M/F across domains in the combined-sex sample but only weak intercorrelations within sex. The results also indicated that a general masculinity/femininity factor could be obtained, even when participant sex was controlled, and was defined more strongly by personality characteristics and sociosexuality of sexual fantasies than by vocational interests.     

SEX AND JOB ORIENTATION

Three samples, each divided into males and females, were asked to indicate to what degree some job characteristics were important to them. The job characteristics represented both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In the first sample (40 male and 44 female university students) there was no sex difference in job orientation. Both selected the intrinsic factors more than the extrinsic factors. There was also no sex difference in the second sample, which consisted of 68 male and 33 female public school teachers. They, however, stressed as many intrinsic factors as extrinsic. The general results of the third sample showed significant sex differences. The sample of 259 male and 143 female employees represented a technical division of a large service-oriented organization. Education and job level were significantly different for the two subgroups. When these two variables were controlled for a sample of clerks and of first-level supervisors, no sex difference appeared in job orientation. The results also showed that the higher the job level, the more intrinsically-oriented the employees were regardless of their sex.     

Nature of intellectual development of Punjabi children

This research was planned to probe into the nature of cognitive development of four groups of Punjabi children. Children aged 10 to 11 years, belonging to four sub-cultural groups (mainly based on caste) were randomly selected from six primary schools. Following our previous research in this field (Ghuman, 1975) two major hypotheses were set up: (1) The professional group (mainly based on high castes) would be significantly better on a range of cognitive tasks than the other three groups; (2) The Harijans (the lowest caste) would be the most field-dependent group. All the children were tested on a battery of Piagetian tests, a Number test, WISC Block Design and the Coloured Progressive Matrices. The data were analysed by the analysis of variance and t-test techniques. Both the hypotheses were supported. Children's responses on the Piagetian tests were analysed in greater detail and an attempt is made to relate the performance of the children to their social and educational experiences.     

PERSONALITY AND JOB PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE OF INCREMENTAL VALIDITY

It is suggested that personality variables are significant predictors of job performance when carefully matched with the appropriate occupation and organization. The present study investigates the relationship between specific personality variables and job performance in a sample ( N = 43) of accountants. The results indicate that even with the effects of cognitive ability taken into account, three personality scales (orientation towards work; degree of ascendancy; and degree and quality of interpersonal orientation) are significantly related to important aspects of job performance. It is suggested that the overall validity of selection strategies might be improved with the addition of measures of relevant personality dimensions when appropriately matched to an occupation and organization.     

Women Who Choose a Man's Career: A Study of Women in Ministry

Fifty women who chose to pursue a male-dominated career, the ministry, were interviewed about components of career choice and professional development including sex and function of their role models and educational experiences. Sex-role orientation employing the Bern Sex Role Inventory and family data were also collected. Findings indicate a complex interaction of sex and function of role models with age and sex-role orientation of subjects.     

Workaholism,sex, and sex role stereotyping among female professionals

This paper examines the relationship between workaholism, sex, and sex role orientation among professionals. The sample consisted of 86 male and 106 female attorneys, physicians, and psychologists/therapists. Results indicated a significant relationship between sex and sex role stereotyping. Among females, workaholics were grouped exclusively in the sex role categories masculine and androgynous. Implications for counseling include increasing awareness of changing sex role attitudes among professional women and possible role conflict that can occur from integration of work and family.     

A Discriminant Analysis of Gender and Counselor Professional Identity Development

This quantitative study examined professional identity development and orientation for 489 counseling practitioners, educators, and trainees as predicted by participant‐identified sex and engagement in professional activities. Differences between male and female participants regarding aspects of professional identity were evaluated. Discriminant analysis results indicate sex differences in professional identity development. Additional regression analysis revealed a significant predictive relationship between professional engagement and professional identity orientation and development.     

Revealing texture architecture in a surface gradient nanostructured Al-Cu-Mg alloy

ABSTRACT

A multiscale crystallographic texture architecture in a surface gradient nanostructured Al-Cu-Mg alloy after surface sliding friction treatment (SSFT) has been revealed by a combination of electron backscatter diffraction and precession electron diffraction (PED)-assisted transmission electron microscopy (TEM) orientation mapping. Accompanying a grain structure variation from lamellar coarse grains to equiaxed nanograins, the major texture components evolve from brass {110}<112> in the coarse-grain matrix, Goss {110}<001> at a depth of ～80?μm, E {111}<011> and F {111}<112> at a depth of ～20?μm, to a mixture of rotated cube {001}<110>, E and F in the topmost surface layer. The through-thickness textural development and evolution are attributed to the cyclic loading of concurrent shear and compression during the SSFT processing. The PED-assisted orientation mapping shows good capability in mapping severe plastic-deformation-induced nanostructures with large residual strains and high defect density.     

Conduct Problems and Adherence to COVID-19 Guidelines: A Developmental Psychopathology-Informed Approach

COVID-19 underscores the importance of understanding variation in adherence to rules concerning health behaviors. Children with conduct problems have difficulty with rule adherence, and linking early conduct problems with later adherence to COVID-19 guidelines can provide new insight into public health. The current study employed a sample (N = 744) designed to examine the longitudinal consequences of childhood conduct problems (Mean age at study entry = 8.39). The first objective was to link early conduct problems with later adherence to both general and specific COVID-19 guidelines during emerging adulthood (M age = 19.07). The second objective was to prospectively examine how interactional (i.e., callous unemotional traits, impulsivity) and cumulative (i.e., educational attainment, work status, substance use) continuity factors mediated this association. The third objective was to examine differences in sex assigned at birth in these models. Direct associations were observed between childhood conduct problems and lower general, but not specific COVID-19 guideline adherence. Conduct problems were indirectly associated with both general and specific adherence via higher levels of callous unemotional traits, and with specific adherence via higher problematic substance use. No differences in the models were observed across sex assigned at birth. Findings provide insight into both how developmental psychopathology constructs are useful for understanding COVID-19 guideline adherence, and the ways in which conduct problems may shape health outcomes.

     

Child temperament predicts maternal socialization values

The longitudinal study examined whether and how children’s temperament traits in particular but also their age, sex as well as maternal education and age predict maternal socialization values. The sample was drawn from the IDEFICS study and included 567 mothers from Estonia whose children were 2–9 years old at Time 0 and 4–11 years old at Time 1. The findings showed that children’s temperament at Time 0 predicted maternal socialization values at Time 1, but not vice versa. Mothers who perceived their child to be more imaginative at Time 0 considered self-maximization socialization values more important and social conformity-related values less important at Time 1. Child’s conscientiousness and extraversion were linked positively to social conformity-related socialization values. Older mothers and those with higher level of education put more emphasis on self-maximization socialization values. Children’s age and sex were not related to socialization values.     

EVALUATION OF BUSINESS MEMOS: EFFECTS OF WRITER SEX AND ORGANIZATIONAL POSITION, MEMO QUALITY, AND RATER SEX

This study investigated main and interaction effects of memo quality, attributed author sex and organizational position, and rater sex on evaluation of business memos. Alternative questionnaire versions of four memos to be rated anonymously were mailed to about 500 members of a professional personnel association; 48% were returned. A 2×2×2×2 analysis of variance yielded a large main effect for memo quality; an interaction effect of attributed author sex and position and rater sex for two memos; and other interaction effects for single memos. The results are discussed.     

Sources of Sex Discrimination in Educational Systems: A Conceptual Model

A conceptual model is presented which relates numerous variables believed to contribute to sexism in American education. Discrimination is viewed as intervening between two sets of interrelated independent variables and the dependent variable of sex inequalities in educational attainment. The two sets of independent variables are 1) internal psychological-cognitive structures of individuals who participate in the educational system, and 2) the educational system itself. Six internal psychological-cognitive structures are emphasized: sex-role orientation, sex difference stereotypes, ego strength, self-concept, and educational and occupational expectations. Sex-role orientation changes are viewed as the key to significant change in the total system described by the model.     

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FEAR OF SUCCESS, FEAR OF FAILURE, AND ANDROGYNY

Fear of success, fear of failure, and sex role orientation were examined in engineering undergraduates using the Fear of Success Scale (FOSS; Zuckerman & Allison, 1976), the Debilitating Anxiety Scale (DAS; Alpert & Haber, 1960), and the Bern Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974), respectively. The correlation (r = 45) between fear of success and fear of failure supported the finding of Criffore (1977). BSRI subscale scores rather than BSRI sex role category scores increased the predictability of FOSS and DAS. Fear of success was found to be a sex-role-related construct whereas fear of failure was found to be a gender-related construct.