Target Groups for Preventing AIDS Among Intravenous Drug Users

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has rapidly become the most serious medical consequence of injecting illicit drugs. Its potential impact on intravenous (IV) drug use is enormous. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, also known as HTLV-III and LAV), the virus that causes AIDS, appears, usually, to lead to lifelong infection. At present there is no effective treatment, and the treatments under development may require lifelong antiviral therapy. Since most of the antibody produced in response to HIV infection does not neutralize the virus, and since there is substantial genetic variation in the virus, it will be difficult to develop a vaccine. Even after vaccines are developed, testing their safety and efficacy will be formidable problems. Until either effective treatment or vaccines are developed, control of the epidemic among IV drug users must be attempted through behavior change/prevention efforts. In this paper we will review the epidemiology of AIDS among IV drug users and characteristics of the IV drug-use subculture relevant to prevention efforts. We will then identify different target groups for these prevention efforts, present available evidence about behavior change in these groups, and then briefly discuss how to prevent transmission of HIV to heterosexual partners who are not themselves IV drug users and to the children of IV drug users.     

Combating Homophobia in AIDS Education

Homophobia is a central theme in response to the AIDS epidemic. In this article we review literature explicating the connection between homophobia and AIDS and then call for the integration of antihomophobia elements into AIDS education. We discuss negative messages in portrayals of gay and bisexual men and in discussions of safer sexual practices, as well as materials and educational strategies that explicitly contradict such homophobic messages. We then discuss the emerging trend to exclude lesbian women and gay men in education and programs, suggest guidelines for countering such exclusion, and give examples of creative approaches to inclusion.     

8 OOO名河北青少年预防艾滋病基本知识掌握情况调查与分析

对8000名河北青少年进行问卷调查,表明大部分青少年对艾滋病的传播途径、预防等知识有所了解,也有一定数量的青少年对艾滋病基本知识的了解不够全面和准确.今后的艾滋病预防宣传教育需要在广度、深度上加强,注重知识性、影响性和实效性,在宣传教育上注重社会、学校、家庭教育的结合.     

公民社会组织参与艾滋病防治的SWOT分析

公民社会组织在艾滋病防治中发挥着重要和不可替代的作用.通过SWOT分析法,试图找出公民社会组织在艾滋病防治领域中作用的优势和劣势、面临的机遇和威胁,根据分析结果提出完善公民社会组织在艾滋病防治领域中作用的策略,以促进艾滋病防治工作的全面发展.     

HIV/AIDS Training in CACREP-Approved Counselor Education Programs

This article presents the results of a survey mailed to 64 CACREP-approved counselor education graduate programs to explore the amount and the level of training provided on HIV/AIDS. The results show that 51% of the programs offered at least a colloquium on basic information about HIV/AIDS. The survey also explored course work that might be indirectly related to HIV/AIDS, as well as other courses directly related to the topic. Suggestions are made for ways to incorporate HIV/AIDS training into counselor education programs.     

A National Survey of AIDS Training in Counselor Education Programs

A review of the literature suggests that counseling professionals may not be receiving substantive training related to AIDS. In this article, all U.S. counselor education programs were surveyed to determine the extent of such training. The responding programs (N = 243) identified AIDS as a high priority for inclusion in curricular programming, yet nearly 40% of the responding programs did not include any AIDS training in their curricula. Implications for counselor education and the counseling profession are discussed, and suggestions are made for including AIDS-related training in programs.     

Perceived responsibility for disease onset affects HIV/AIDS Education

Abstract

Ninety-nine participants were assigned to one of three experimental conditions in which they viewed an AIDS education videotape that systematically manipulated whether or not the educator would be perceived as responsible for HIV infection. Participants were administered pre and post-video affect measures, and an HlV/AIDS knowledge test after watching the video. Participants who viewed the speaker who acquired HIV through a blood transfusion (perceived not responsible) and those who viewed the speaker who did not reveal mode of acquisition (control) performed significantly better on the knowledge test compared to those who viewed the speaker who acquired HIV through unprotected sexual inttrcourse (perceived responsible). In addition. male participants in the perceived responsible condition reported a significant increase in sensation-sceking after viewing the video. Finally, females experienced a significantly greater increase in anxiety as a result of seeing the video than did males. Implications of these tindings for the design and implmentation of AIDS education programs were discussed.     

Authoritarianism,Knowledge of AIDS,and Affect Toward Persons with AIDS: Implications for Health Education1

Four hundred sixteen undergraduate university students were asked to indicate their knowledge of AIDS and affect toward persons with AIDS and to take the California F-scale (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, & Sanford, 1950, 1982). Results indicated a significant relationship between authoritarianism and affect toward persons with AIDS, r= .31 (p < .01). Knowledge of AIDS was very slightly related to affect toward persons with AIDS, but it did not moderate the relationship between authoritarianism and affect toward persons with AIDS. The findings are interpreted as having possible implications for health education.     

功利主义与信任缺失——对防艾工作功利主义导向的反思

“行为干预”作为防治艾滋病的手段,本质上是一种社会互动。有效的行为干预是建立在交往双方相互信任的基础上的。由于我国目前的功利主义导向,阻碍了行为干预主体间信任关系的建立。普遍存在的信任缺失,影响着防艾工作的深入开展。只有在公正论的基础上,建立防艾共同体才能解决因为功利主义导向引发的信任缺失问题。     

AIDS Education: Professional Ethics,Social Advocacy,and Religious Values

The author encourages AIDS education efforts to attend to religious pluralism in society and to illustrate the self-monitoring that is identified with professional activity.     

Researching HIV/AIDS,Education & Childhood in the African Context

This article offers a reflective review of 12 articles and 4 brief reports included in this special issue of the International Journal of Psychology in Africa with the theme, ‘HIV/AIDS, education and childhood in the African context’. Muthukrishna and Ramsuran (2007) have emphasised that the consequences of HIV/AIDS can be far-reaching for children and young people resulting in unequal life chances. It is thus fitting that this special issue should be edited by them in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, in the country (and province) with the highest levels of incidence of HIV/AIDS in Africa. In this article I offer a commentary on how the interpretive lenses of the authors who are located in various disciplines provide a theorised understanding of what shapes knowledge constructions in situated African contexts.     

关注儿童艾滋病和艾滋孤儿

目前,我国艾滋病处于快速增长期,儿童艾滋病患者增长较快,艾滋孤儿亦逐渐增多.儿童艾滋病以母婴传播为主要途径,所以切断母婴垂直传播是遏制艾滋病向儿童传播的有效方法,应采取药物治疗、产科干预和人工喂养等综合措施.同时高度重视艾滋孤儿问题,采取措施预防出现下一代的艾滋孤儿,整个社会包括政府要加大对这些儿童的支持和关爱.     

Preventing Classroom Discipline Problems

This paper focuses on the effective schools and schooling literature as a basis for promoting student success and preventing classroom misbehavior and discipline problems. By facilitating such success, it is suggested that many discipline problems can be avoided and that school staffs will be able to focus even more of their attention to quality, effective education and instruction. System-wide, school building, classroom, teacher, and student-specific practices are all discussed as they relate to effective schools and schooling and to the prevention of student discipline problems. The conclusion notes that successful prevention programs save time, money, and effort, but that they must be systematically planned to meet the needs of the students, school district, and community alike.     

Preventing Intimate Partner Violence

ABSTRACT

Bringing together the energy, resources, creativity, and good will of citizens enhances community resilience. The shared responsibility and collective competence that emerge from community members banding together can be a powerful and ongoing positive influence on the quality of community life, including the relationships between intimate partners. We explore the importance that the community has for preventing intimate partner violence (IPV). We argue for active, network-oriented prevention efforts. We discuss key community principles and concepts (including a definition of the nature of community), explore a social organization perspective on communities, and present a theoretical approach to building community capacity. We posit implications for program development that include community as a place for prevention, a target for prevention, and as a force for prevention. Our implications for research include examining multiple community layers, the nexus of informal and formal social care systems, and contrasting extreme groups on pivotal social organization processes.     

Preventing Adolescent Cigarette Smoking

Recent studies have supported the efficacy of approaches to smoking prevention that focus primary attention on social and psychological factors implicated in initiation of adolescent cigarette smoking. This article reports first year data from a large-scale smoking prevention study conducted within three geographic regions of New York State. The sample consists of 5,954 seventh graders from 56 middle/junior high schools. Schools were randomly assigned to (1) receive the Life Skills Training (LST) prevention program with a one-day teacher training workshop; (2) receive the LST prevention program with teacher training provided by video tape; or (3) serve as a comparison group. This study was designed to further test the efficacy of this type of smoking prevention program and to compare the relative effectiveness of two different types of provider training in an effort to learn more about the potential effectiveness of this prevention strategy when implemented under "real world" conditions. Pretest and posttest data were collected by questionnaire concerning self-reported tobacco use and several hypothesized mediating variables. Results indicate that the prevention program significantly impacted on several hypothesized mediating variables in a direction consistent with non-smoking. Within one region, the students in both experimental conditions reported significantly less current cigarette smoking and reported themselves less likely to smoke in the future than the students in the control condition.     

Representing AIDS

AIDS has contributed to changes in how our society constructs its image of death. In the early 1980s Philippe Ariès argued that death and the symbols surrounding it had been “relegated to the secret, private space of the home or the hospital.” With the coming of AIDS, death demands its place in the public mind - and eye. Many artists have devoted their talents to making AIDS visible. In doing so, they have resurrected many questions about sexuality and mortality. This paper discusses several examples of current AIDS art and places them in a wider cultural and historical context.