法律的道德审视:当代中国卫生法伦理学研究的使命

卫生法伦理学是由医学、法学和伦理学三大学科相互交融、渗透而结合的产物.卫生法伦理学作为一门独立的学科有着独特的研究对象.法律的道德审视,不仅是法伦理学研究的基础途径,更是当代中国卫生法伦理学研究的使命.     

回到“道德生活”:当代伦理学研究的主题变奏

当代伦理学研究呈现越来越明显的经验趋向,这一趋向的实质可以概括为回到\"道德生活\",以日常生活中的道德实践为理论建构的基石。它肇始于美德伦理学对传统规范伦理学的批判,兴盛于后现代伦理学,并在当代多元社会现实中继续深化,逐渐形成崭新的研究范式。回到\"道德生活\"将给以儒家伦理为核心的中国伦理学提供参与当代伦理学理论形态建构的主体机遇,推动西方伦理学理论的本土化与中国伦理学理论的全球化。同时也需要对这一趋向进行反思,避免研究的碎片化,将研究提升到本体论层面上继续探讨。     

道德经济:当代经济伦理学研究的应有主题

兴起于20世纪90年代的道德经济是在企业社会责任思潮和消费者对企业社会目标的期待的双重推动之下而兴起和发展的,社会企业的蓬勃发展是其兴起和发展的典型表征。以研究人们经济活动中的伦理道德问题为宗旨的经济伦理学应该把道德经济纳入其中并赋以主题地位,而道德经济也可以展现经济伦理学为经济发展创设价值目标的学科价值,丰富它的研究内容,为它合理指导经济决策提供新思路,从而构成经济伦理学现实化的实践平台。与社会学、人类学、历史学不同的是,经济伦理学研究道德经济建立在经济主体是"经济人"与"道德人"相统一的理论假设之上,以历史唯物主义方法和价值分析法研究道德经济。     

自然法与信:路德神学中被遗忘的伦理学根基

本文探讨路德伦理学中被遗漏的自然法与信的关系。首先分析路德如何看待自然法和信仰。其中包括学界路德研究者的讨论,并从浩瀚材料中选出代表性事例。本文结论是路德并没有像他经常被诠释的那样以二元的方式来看问题,这导致对路德神学的许多方面要有新的理解。     

当代伦理学的新发展:女性主义伦理学评介

女性主义伦理学是当代伦理学中反主流规范伦理学中的一支。它将女性身份作为反思西方社会生活的一个符号代码,试图以性别分析方法剖析伦理学领域内性别权力的运作,以结束使女性受压迫的伦理意识和谋划,达到更合理的对伦理道德的理解。同时它批判了规范伦理学的普遍主义理论体系与论证方式,质疑了主流伦理理论的基本预设与价值建构。女性主义伦理学探究是一个正在进行的过程,当代伦理学多元化发展的潮流中,女性主义的探究为伦理学的发展提供了更大空间。     

中国卫生法法典化的证成

法典对于一国法律的一般性、稳定性、体系性起到促进作用。此外,法典化还是法治现代化事业的组成部分,之于社会的现代性具有推动功能。在“依法治国”的背景下,卫生健康法治成为法治系统工程的重要内容。以法治的方式推进卫生健康事业,一部卫生法典不可或缺。从卫生健康事业、卫生健康法治和卫生健康法律体系面临的现实问题出发,卫生法典成为必要的选择。健康权的理论与制度、国家主义立法立场、颇具规模的卫生立法、我国法典编纂的历史经验以及域外国家卫生法典编纂的经验共同为我国的卫生法典提供了可行条件。     

情感与人生:伦理学视野的审视

人是情感的动物.人的情感是以本能和欲望为基础,受理智影响和控制的心理感受.人的情感是一个多彩的、复杂的天空,存在着性质、广度、深度和强度的区别.从伦理学的角度看,可以根据是否有利于人的生存,从是否健康、是否丰富、是否持久、是否高尚、是否美好五个维度对人的情感进行价值审视.这五个维度也是情感是否有利于人的生存的五条标准,其中是否健康是底线标准,规定着情感的好坏善恶性质.情感对人生有全面、深刻而直接的影响,可以成为人生幸福的源泉,也可以成为人生痛苦的渊薮.情感需要理智的合理导向和控制,理智与情感以更好生存为取向实现和谐,才会有完整意义上的真正人生,才有人生的幸福.     

自杀防范的伦理学审视

本文以伦理道德对自杀的基本价值态度为切入点,提出了构建当代中国防范自杀的道德干预机制的基本思路,即通过国家、社会、学校、家庭共同努力,形成防范自杀的伦理机制,从而为个体生命的意义呈现或价值实现搭建坚实的平台。     

中国伦理学与道德建设研究的立足点——《当代中国公民道德状况调查》评介

一定意义上说,中国伦理学研究自上个世纪80年代初复兴以来,其发展过程大体上可分为两个发展阶段。第一个阶段的研究,以改革与道德为主题,表现出研究者的伦理学干预和指导道德生活的固有激情和气派;第二阶段的研究,针对在市场经济大潮的冲击下越发严重起来的道德失范问     

论健康伦理学及其基本理论架构——“九大理论”视野中的健康伦理

当代医学道德发展的走向理应是健康道德,后医学伦理学时代理应是健康伦理学。建设健康伦理学需要搭成一个基本理论架构。其组成至少应该有“九大理论”,即生命神圣论、生命质量论、生命价值论,医学人本论、医学功利论、医学公正论,医者美德论、医者义务(患者权利)论、医患和谐论。其间,按顺序由每三论构成一个“统一论”,将第一个“统一论”作为立论前提,将第二个“统一论”作为直接依据,将第三个“统一论”作为应用指南,如此,才能由三个“统一论”共同地更好地阐释全部健康伦理学问题。     

The ethics of assessing health technologies

Health technology assessment (HTA) consists of thesystematic study of the consequences of theintroduction or continued use of the technology in aparticular context, with the explicit objective toarrive at a judgment of the value or merit of thetechnology. Ideally, it is aimed at assessing allaspects of a given technology or group oftechnologies, including non-technical, e.g.socio-ethical, aspects. However, methods for assessingsocio-ethical implications of health technology arerelatively undeveloped and few mechanisms exist totake action based on the results of such evaluations.Still, the examples of cochlear inplants (CI) and other cases illustratethat HTA is not a matter of merely collecting thefacts about a technology. The facts must beplausible and relevant from a particular framework,which is not always shared by different groups. It ishere that socio-ethical aspects are encountered. Ifhealth technology assessment aims to enhance theaccountability of the decision making processregarding funding and use of health technology, it isa major challenge to assessors of health technologiesto deal adequately with existing value pluralism. Inthis respect interactive evaluation may have somethingto offer.     

Ethics, Law and Legislation: The Institutionalisation of Moral Reflection

This paper describes the different dimensions of the relation between moral reflection and legislative processes. It discusses some examples of the institutionalisation of moral reflection. It is argued that the relation between ethics and law is still an actual and relevant question. Ethics also has to reflect on its own role in political life. The paper defends the relevance of a theological perspective on the relation between law and ethics. In the last part it is argued that the modality of relation between ethics and law depends on the specific character of social domain.     

A case study of community-based participatory research ethics: The healthy public housing initiative

We conducted and analyzed qualitative interviews with 12 persons working on the Healthy Public Housing Initiative in Boston, Massachusetts in 2001. Our goal was to generate ideas and themes related to the ethics of the community-based participatory research in which they were engaged. Specifically, we wanted to see if we found themes that differed from conventional research that is based on an individualistic ethics. There were clearly distinct ethical issues raised with respect to projects and individuals who engage in community-based collaborations. The differences that arose from the interviews were seeking equality between the partners, the need for the community partner to defend the community, dealing with unflattering data, meeting community expectations and producing tangible benefits to the community. Alison Kole is an MD/MPH candidate, Tufts University School of Medicine.     

竹简《文子》天道论初探

＂天道＂是中国思想史上的重要概念。在竹简《文子》中,天道不仅是对于世界万物起源的认识,也是对社会发展规律性的认识,它具有自然和社会双重属性。竹简《文子》的天道论继承了老子＂道生于有＂的思想,但否认＂有生于无＂,＂有＂是其终极。人的行为必须遵循天道。竹简《文子》中对于＂天道＂自然属性和社会属性的阐释,也为后世很多思想家所继承。     

Statistics and ethics in medical research

Ethical conduct is an essential component in research, especially in medical research. Statistical methods for design and analysis are powerful research tools if used properly. Abuse of these principles and methods are just as unethical as other laboratory or clinical misconduct. Inadequate research design can produce worthless results and thus wastes effort and valuable resources. For clinical research, patient resources are wasted. Inappropriate analysis of data can also produce misleading results and conclusions. For clinical research, inferior therapy might be given to patients as a consequence. These ethical concerns can have implications for and affect the individuals responsible for the statistical design and analysis. Examples are provided which illustrate some possible abuses and inappropriate pressures.     

Six domains of research ethics. A heuristic framework for the responsible conduct of research

The purpose of this paper is to provide a simple yet comprehensive organizing scheme for the responsible conduct of research (RCR). The heuristic offered here should prove helpful in research ethics education, where the many and heterogeneous elements of RCR can be bewildering, as well as research into research integrity and efforts to form RCR policy and regulations. The six domains are scientific integrity, collegiality, protection of human subjects, animal welfare, institutional integrity, and social responsibility.     

康德道德研究中道德规律与道德史的内在矛盾

康德从抽象的个人建立道德规律,与他所谓的人类的道德史相矛盾。解决的办法:是团体、社会性与集体思想作为个人先在的规定性与责任与道德的源泉。