社会行为的效价信息对注意捕获的影响：基于帮助和阻碍行为的探讨

采用学习-测验两任务范式,通过3项实验探讨了社会行为的效价信息对注意捕获的影响。在学习阶段,被试观看具有积极效价的帮助行为(某智能体帮助另一智能体爬山)和消极效价的阻碍行为(某智能体阻碍另一智能体爬山),以及与各自运动特性匹配的无社会交互行为,其目的为建立不同智能体颜色与社会行为效价信息的联结关系。在测验阶段,则分别检验社会行为中的施动方(帮助者和阻碍者)颜色和受动方(被帮助者和被阻碍者)颜色的注意捕获效应。结果发现,消极社会行为中施动方颜色和受动方颜色均更容易捕获注意,而积极社会行为效价信息并没有改变联结特征值的注意捕获效应;且相比于受动方,与消极社会行为效价建立联结的施动方颜色的注意捕获效应更强。该结果提示,存在消极社会行为效价驱动的注意捕获,且消极的效价信息与卷入社会行为所有个体的特征建立联结,但该联结中施动方物理特征具有更高的注意优先性。这一发现暗示,声誉信息与对社会交互行为的整体表征可能综合作用于对社会交互事件的注意选择。     

The helping alliance and premature termination

The study was conducted to determine the relationship between strength of the helping alliance and type of client termination (premature or with mutual knowledge of client and counselor). Participants were 102 client-counselors dyads at a university counseling center. After an average of 8 sessions, clients and couneselors completed Alexander & Luborsky's (1986) Helping Alliance Questionnaires. Clients terminated after an average of 19 sessions. Clients who later terminated with mutual knowledge of their counselors gave significantly higher strength of helping alliance ratings than did clients who later terminated unilaterally and prematurely. Counselors' ratings of strength of helping alliance were only modestly related to clients' ratings and unrelated to type of client termination.     

The truth of religion and religious truths

International Journal for Philosophy of Religion -     

The helping process in couples

This study examined couples' informal helping interactions, that is, how partners helped each other with their psychological problems. Fifty-three couples participated in a communication sampling task in which they took each of two roles, discloser and helper (analogous to client and therapist). Audiotapes of the interactions were subsequently categorized according to helper response modes and rated on global measures of problem solving, understanding, and supportiveness. The most frequent helper response modes were question, advisement, and interpretation; reflection was infrequently used. There were no differences in helping communication associated with gender or sex-role self-concept. The important characteristic of the helpers' communication was not the type of response used, but the evaluative quality of the response. Helpers who were more satisfied with their relationships tended to be more understanding and supportive. Also, interactions rated as more understanding and supportive tended to be experienced as more helpful by the disclosers.