Women's Career Plans and Maternal Employment

Maternal employment, perceived maternal satisfaction and goodness of mothering, and sex role conceptions were studied as they relate to future life plans of college senior women. Twenty-five women in a working mother group and 26 in a nonworking mother group were administered the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Women, the Sex-Role Stereotype Questionnaire, the Inventory of Feminine Values, the Maternal Satisfaction and Maternal Goodness scales, and the Life Plan Questionnaire. Daughters of working mothers scored higher on career orientation ( p <.01, Life Plan Questionnaire) than did daughters of nonworking mothers. High perceived maternal satisfaction and maternal goodness correlated with low career orientation for the nonworking sample (the averaged r across variable pairs =.48). For the working sample, perceived maternal dissatisfaction with feminine role values correlated significantly with higher career orientation (r =.42), while the other satisfaction measure showed no relation to career orientation. Daughters of working mothers displayed broader sex role conceptualizations (p <0.01).     

Gender-Based Biases in Occupational Hiring Decisions1

Two studies which investigated gender-based decision making in an occupational setting are reported. Participants judged the suitability of a male or a female applicant with identical résumés for a male-dominated or a female-dominated position. In Study 1. where participants gave their own judgments of the suitability of the applicants for the positions, there was no evidence of gender-based biases. In Study 2. participants were required to take the perspective of the applicant in providing their judgments of suitability. In this experiment, gender-based biases were apparent, with a positive bias toward the male applicant. Results are discussed in terms of occupational stereotyping and subtle sexism.     

Educational Trends for Expanding Women's Occupational Lives

Institutional changes are described which would facilitate the expansion of women's occupational lives. Part I reviews educational trends in schools, focusing on legislation and other activities to eliminate sex discrimination in federally supported educational institutions. Part II discusses current trends to interface education and work, and proposes a transitional work group model which incorporates feminist values and legitimizes the work place as a place for learning. Part III discusses trends towards participatory democracy and asserts that the training of women to use new technologies in communications and computers will increase their power to shape public policy. The conclusion points to the necessity for compensatory and anticipatory measures to ensure the representation of all groups of women in decision-making environments.     

Women's aggression: An African case study

Theories of human aggression tend to emphasize aggression as a male phenomenon. An ecological approach to aggression implies that females ought to be aggressive when confrontation is a viable means of attaining scarce resources. In modern Zambia, intrafemale aggression occurs at the individual and socioeconomic class levels. At the individual level, aggression occurs between women for a specific man or his economic resources both within households and beyond their boundaries. At the class level, elite and poor women combine forces to victimize subelite women. Both levels of aggression involve competition over the scarce resource of socially desirable men and their support. Competition is due to the unequal access of the genders to opportunities for labor-force participation and hence different positions in the stratification system, the desire for hypergamous marriage, marital instability, changing role expectations, and the increased dependency of women on men.     

The Occupational Information Network: An Updated Dictionary of Occupational Titles

All of the articles in this issue demonstrate the richness of military research being conducted in the area of occupational analysis. Several of them also present findings and observations that have implications for the utility of an important occupational database currently being developed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Labor. This database is called the Occupational Information Network (O*Net; Peterson, Mumford, Borman, Jeanneret, & Fleishman, 1995) and is intended to supplant the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.     

Embodiment: An Introduction

Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics -     

The Effect of Life Events and Relationships on Adult Women's Decisions To Enroll in College

This study was designed to investigate the role of life events and “relationship” morality in women's decisions to enroll in college. Interviews with 38 women, ages 25–46, indicated that the timing for women returning to college was determined by the state of their relationships and life events and not solely by motivation. Enrollment was often postponed until children were “old enough,” family responsibilities were lessened, or fellow workers or employers would not be inconvenienced.     

弗雷格定理:一个导言

戈特洛布·弗雷格是现代数理逻辑的奠基人,也是分析哲学的创始人之一。他的大部分工作都致力于建立一种数学哲学———逻辑主义:算术真理都是逻辑真理。长久以来,哲学家一直认为,罗素悖论彻底瓦解了弗雷格的工作。然而实际的情况是,在弗雷格那里隐藏着另一个证明:算术公理可以纯粹逻辑地从休谟原则推出。休谟原则是说,概念F的数和概念G的数相同当且仅当存在F和G之间的一一对应关系。这一结果被称为弗雷格定理,它引发了一种新的逻辑主义的兴起。     

Project GLOBE: An Introduction

Le projet GLOBE est décrit dans cet article, avec ses bases conceptuelle et méthodologique. Une introduction est indispensable puisque les travaux présentés dans ce numéro relèvent de ce projet qui est une étude exceptionnelle de 61 pays sous divers aspects et à partir de plusieurs méthodes; il porte sur la vaste question de la culture, du leadership et des pratiques organisationnelles. Plus de 150 spécialistes du management et des sciences sociales des 61 pays y ont contribué. L'objectif global du projet est le développement d'une théorie empirique destinée à décrire, comprendre et prédire l'impact de variables culturelles spécifiques sur le leadership, les processus organisationnels et leur efficience. L'article survole différents aspects de ce projet et peut être utilisé pour se repérer dans les autres contributions.     

Michael Balint: An Introduction

Michael Balint, who used to be known the world over, no longer gets either the fame or the influence that he deserves, and the three special issues of the journal devoted to him are meant to contribute to make him better known. I intend to draw a portrait of Balint—it will necessarily be only an outline, within the limits of the present issue—and to follow his path as a man and as a scholar.