航空安全文化评估新进展

安全文化作为组织文化的重要组成部分,是影响组织成员安全态度和行为的核心价值体系,通过个体变量对组织安全保健和安全绩效产生深远的影响。在安全态度与价值观层面上利用问卷调查的形式探讨航空安全文化的结构成份,不仅揭示了安全文化现象背后的基本隐形内涵,同时也有助于我们理解特定文化因素在现代航空安全管理中的重要作用。该文阐述了安全文化与航空安全管理的关系问题,介绍了不同航空组织内安全文化的作用及评估机制,并进一步指出了目前研究中存在的不足和对未来研究的展望。     

工作压力与社会支持对安全绩效的影响

工作压力对安全绩效的影响虽然已经引起学者们的关注, 但迄今为止相关的实证研究却比较少见。本项目将以工作要求-控制-社会支持模型为理论基础, 探索工作压力和社会支持对安全绩效的影响。具体将探讨不同压力源(挑战型压力源和沮丧型的压力源)、安全控制、社会支持(主管支持和同事支持)和群体示范性规范对安全绩效的影响, 以及上述变量之间可能存在的交互作用。研究拟结合访谈、问卷和实验室模拟等方法对上述变量间进行相关和因果关系的探讨。研究结果一方面可拓展安全绩效研究的理论; 另一方面为安全管理实践提供理论依据, 对组织环境下个体与组织安全绩效的改善有积极的现实意义。     

基于管理者安全管理行动的高风险企业安全氛围改善

随着系统可靠性的提高,高风险企业超过三分之二的事故原因涉及人的因素。员工不安全行为是系统失效的触发因素,潜藏的社会情境因素(如安全氛围)是“常驻的病原体”,因此探索并改善影响安全行为的社会情境因素是有效提升组织安全的关键。在众多的情境因素中,安全氛围对安全绩效的积极影响已得到充分的文献支持,但对如何改善安全氛围的探索却有限。本项目围绕管理者对安全的承诺这一安全氛围的核心维度,基于信号理论提出直接安全管理行动是体现管理者安全承诺的重要途径,并在探索主管和经理关键安全管理行动对团队和组织安全氛围影响的基础上开展相应的干预研究。具体而言,在团队层面,探索改善主管关键安全管理行动对团队安全氛围提升的有效性;在组织和团队两个层面,探索改善经理的关键安全管理行动对同时提升组织和团队安全氛围的有效性。研究结果预期可以在安全管理实践中推广应用。     

安全动机在安全绩效模型中的作用：自我决定理论的视角

在日常工作中, 安全动机是员工保持安全行为的重要决定因素。安全动机对安全绩效的影响虽然已引起研究者的关注, 但相关的实证研究缺少清晰的理论界定和有效的测量工具。本项目拟在安全绩效模型的基础上, 借鉴自我决定理论对动机的分类, 将安全动机的类型进行扩展, 并在多层次模型中探讨安全动机在变革型领导、个体特征和安全绩效之间的中介作用, 以及在中国管理背景下可能存在的边界条件。研究将结合访谈、问卷和情境实验等方法对上述变量间关系进行相关和因果关系的探讨。本项目将自我决定理论与安全绩效模型相结合, 可以为安全研究的动机理论发展做出贡献; 研究结果亦可为安全管理实践提供评价工具和有效指导。     

反事实思维对行人交通安全行为意向的影响

反事实思维是对过去发生事情进行否定而产生的假设性思维表征,对行为改变和绩效改善有显著影响。因此,作为一种重要的认知策略,反事实思维常常被用于行为干预的研究。本研究采用单因素(反事实启动/经验启动)被试间实验设计,以4种常见的行人不安全行为为实验材料,运用顺序启动范式的语义启动分别激活自变量的两个水平,将遵守交通规则行为意向的评分和反应时双变量作为因变量指标,探索反事实思维对行人安全行为的促进作用。结果表明:与基线水平和经验启动相比,反事实启动诱导产生的行人交通安全行为意向更加积极,并且产生的自动化水平更高。文章最后讨论了研究的理论意义和对安全管理实践的启发。     

自主安全动机与安全绩效的多水平模型

自主安全动机对安全绩效的积极作用已引起研究者的关注, 但自主动机与安全绩效多水平的作用机制还未得到深入研究。结合自我决定理论与多水平动机过程, 个体与团队自主安全动机通过安全目标, 进而影响安全绩效; 在安全工作情境中通过对自主支持、工作重塑的干预促进自主安全动机。研究拟结合认知测量和问卷测量, 通过纵向研究、实验、准实验研究等方法探讨上述问题。研究结果一方面可拓展自我决定理论与安全绩效的研究; 另一方面为安全管理实践, 尤其是安全培训提供理论依据, 对高风险企业安全绩效的改善有积极的现实意义。     

管家行为研究:回顾与展望

管家行为对于组织的生存与持续发展具有十分重要的价值,已成为组织管理研究学者关注的重要议题。管家行为是个体为了保护集体或组织的长期利益而愿意牺牲其个人短期利益的行为表现。文章在介绍概念及测量的基础上,综述了心理、结构、领导、情境和文化等个体/组织层因素对管家行为的预测与作用机制,以及管家行为对雇员创造力和企业绩效的影响。未来研究可探讨管家行为的消极后果变量,以及管家行为与后果变量之间的中介机制和调节机制。     

自我效能感影响航线飞行安全绩效的多重中介模型

采用问卷法调查了138名民航飞行员,探讨了自我效能感对飞行安全绩效的影响,以及在这一影响过程中组织信任、组织承诺和工作投入的作用。结果显示,自我效能感对组织信任、组织承诺、工作投入和安全绩效有直接正向作用。组织信任在自我效能感对组织承诺、工作投入、安全绩效的影响中有部分中介作用。组织承诺与工作投入在自我效能感对安全绩效影响中发挥着部分中介作用。结论:自我效能感对安全绩效有直接效应,并可通过组织信任、组织承诺和工作投入对安全绩效产生间接影响。     

领导行为与人力资源管理实践的关系:因果、联合、替代还是强化?

领导行为与人力资源管理实践是组织行为与人力资源管理领域的两大研究热点,以往研究大都孤立探讨一方的影响效果,近年两者有融合趋势。在对前沿实证研究进行梳理的基础上,归纳探讨了领导行为与人力资源管理实践之间的关系类型:因果效应、联合效应、强化效应和替代效应,并从变量层次、效标变量属性、社会文化角度分析了不同效应类型的适用情境,最后,从细化领导行为与人力资源管理实践的内在关系、构建统一指导性框架、探讨两者之间关系类型的边界条件等方面提出了未来研究的方向。     

分配公正、程序公正、互动公正影响效果的差异

以大学生奖学金评比为例,探讨了组织公正各维度影响效果的差异。以661名大学生为被试,采用2×2×2的完全随机设计,以情境故事法（scenarios）呈现刺激,研究了奖学金评比中分配公正、程序公正、互动公正对大学生学习投入、班级荣誉感、班级归属感、与辅导员的关系的影响。结果表明,组织公正三个维度与效果变量之间存在清晰的对应影响关系：分配公正主要影响具体、以个人为参照的效果变量;程序公正主要影响与组织有关的效果变量;互动公正主要影响与上司有关的效果变量。     

根植于航空安全文化的内隐安全态度的预测效应

采用飞行管理态度问卷FMAQ 2.0作为航空安全文化背景下外显安全态度的评价工具, 并设计了两个安全态度的内隐联想测试(IAT)对134名飞行员进行了调查, 同时运用专家评定法对其飞行绩效进行了评价, 结果发现：(1) 航空安全态度的IAT效应值较强, 飞行安全更多与积极评价和积极情感联系在一起, 对飞行风险与冒险是消极评价与回避。(2) 外显和内隐安全态度既相关又分离：评价性内隐安全态度和外显态度的驾驶舱工作态度、情感性内隐安全态度和驾驶舱工作态度与自动化驾驶态度显著正相关, 且总外显态度与内隐态度正相关显著, 同时模型数据显示二者是分离性结构。(3) 外显和内隐安全态度均能预测安全绩效, 其中外显态度对飞行作风、飞行技能和机组管理的预测率较高, 内隐态度在安全规章上预测率较高, 其共同预测模型拟合良好。结论：外显与内隐安全态度、安全绩效及其相互关系共同构成特定航空安全文化的完整模型。     

Impact of Ethical Leadership on Organizational Safety Performance: The Mediating Role of Safety Culture and Safety Consciousness

We examined a largely ignored but imperative dimension of safety literature by testing the impact of ethical leadership style on organizational safety performance. We also tested dual mediating paths of safety culture and safety consciousness in the relationship between ethical leadership style and organizational safety consciousness. Data (N = 230) were collected from a large public sector telecom company in Pakistan. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the reliability and validity of the study scales and model fit. Preacher and Hayes’s (2008) macro of mediation was employed to test the direct and indirect paths proposed in the study. The findings suggest that ethical leadership has a positive impact on organizational safety performance. Partial mediating roles of safety culture and safety consciousness were also found between the dependent and independent variables. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Quality of the Execution of Corporate Safety Policies and Employee Safety Outcomes: Assessing the Moderating Role of Supervisor Safety Support and the Mediating Role of Employee Safety Control

To reduce the risk of injury and promote job safety, many organizations have attempted to establish safety policies. This study examined the presumed benefits of safety policies and the roles of two organizational variables (supervisor safety support and employee safety control) on safety outcomes and satisfaction with the company. Results showed that quality of the execution of corporate safety policies, supervisor safety support, and employee safety control play critical roles in predicting both injury incidence and satisfaction with the company. These findings highlight the importance of integrating both organizational safety policies and relevant organizational constructs to improve organizational safety.     

Feeling safe at work: Development and validation of the Psychological Safety Inventory

Psychological safety, defined as perceptions that an individual within a team is supported and feels safe to take interpersonal risks, voice opinions, and share ideas, is vital for organizational effectiveness. However, there is no consensus on how workplace psychological safety should be measured. We developed the Psychological Safety Inventory (PSI) in response to organizational needs to accurately assess psychological safety. A 70-item version of the PSI was administered to 497 employees from Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Based on factor analytic findings, we reduced the preliminary PSI to a 30-item, five-factor scale. The PSI showed high reliability and correlated as anticipated with convergent measures. Overall, the PSI is a valid and reliable measure of workplace psychological safety.     

Assessing the state of organizational safety—culture or climate?

This article explores the concepts of safety culture and safety climate in an attempt to determine which is the more useful for describing an organization's “state of safety.” From a review of the literature purporting to measure safety culture or safety climate, it is argued that, although the two terms are often interchangeable, they are actually distinct but related concepts and should be treated accordingly. The term “safety climate” best describes employees' perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs about risk and safety, typically measured by questionnaire surveys and providing a “snapshot” of the current state of safety. “Safety culture” is a more complex and enduring trait reflecting fundamental values, norms, assumptions and expectations, which to some extent reside in societal culture. The expression of these “cultural” elements, perhaps, can be seen through safety management practices which are reflected in the safety climate. Basically, measurement of safety culture requires in-depth investigation including an analysis of how organizational members interact to form a shared view of safety.     

飞行管理态度对航线飞行驾驶行为规范性的影响

在对航线飞行管理态度量表进行验证性因素分析的基础上,通过对飞行员航线飞行中所表现出的驾驶行为规范性水平的实时评估, 着重探讨了飞行管理态度与航线飞行员驾驶舱操作行为规范性水平之间的关系。结果表明： （1）由基本组织态度、驾驶舱工作态度和自动化驾驶态度所构成的航线飞行管理态度量表三因素结构模型具有良好的拟合效果和较高的信、效度,达到了心理计量学的标准。（2）基本组织态度中的组织信任度和工作满意度分别对驾驶舱工作态度和自动化驾驶态度产生显著影响,但并不直接影响飞行员的驾驶行为,而驾驶舱工作态度和自动化驾驶态度两个因素对航线飞行驾驶行为的规范性有显著影响。研究提示,基本组织态度通过驾驶舱工作态度和自动化驾驶态度间接影响驾驶行为的规范性。因此,驾驶舱工作态度和自动化驾驶态度构成了影响航线飞行员驾驶行为规范性的两个重要中介变量。研究为中国文化背景下的航空安全文化特征诊断和CRM训练奠定了一定的工作基础     

How can we improve safety culture in transport organizations? A review of interventions,effects and influencing factors

The main objectives of the present study are to (a) map interventions that can be used to develop good safety culture in transport companies within road, sea, air and rail transport, (b) assess expected effects of interventions on safety culture and safety outcomes and (c) identify factors influencing safety culture change. By systematically reviewing the scientific literature, we identify 20 studies that describe and evaluate interventions to improve safety culture in road, rail, sea and air transport organizations. The review is reported according to PRISMA guidelines. The interventions studied vary widely in their comprehensiveness, but a lack of both standardized outcome measures and controlled evaluations means that it is difficult to compare different interventions, either within or across sectors. Most studies, however, report improvements in safety culture where this is measured. We find that attempts to understand the mechanisms of cultural change leading to behavioural change and improved safety performance are lacking. Although safety culture is an organizational measure, we only found one peer-reviewed study of an attempt to improve safety culture in a single air transport organization and no studies of this in the maritime sector. We conclude that on the whole the reviewed safety culture interventions seem to be effective, but comprehensive and resource demanding. We suggest that future research should develop simpler interventions by focusing on the basic requirements of safety culture change. We contribute to this by identifying four key activities (content) which seem to be common in all the reviewed interventions, and eight key factors (process) influencing the success of efforts to influence safety culture. The basic requirements of safety culture change seem to be to institutionalize joint discussions of work place hazards facilitated by manager commitment and employee involvement.