关于伊斯兰教中国化的思考

<正>讨论"伊斯兰教中国化",其前提是需要我们中国社会能对伊斯兰教有全面、透彻的了解和公道、正确的评价。伊斯兰教是世界三大宗教之一,其文化体系和文明形态对人类发展有着独特的贡献。但世界尤其是西方世界对伊斯兰教的偏见在加剧,这种不利、负面的舆论也在中国社会蔓延,社会对宗教、民族问题上的猜忌、误解、敌视和分化在加剧、恶化,尤其在对伊斯兰教的理解及评价上也受到西方偏见的影响和     

关于伊斯兰教中国化的思考CSSCISSCI

讨论“伊斯兰教中国化”,其前提是需要我们中国社会能对伊斯兰教有全面、透彻的了解和公道、正确的评价。伊斯兰教是世界三大宗教之一,其文化体系和文明形态对人类发展有着独特的贡献。但世界尤其是西方世界对伊斯兰教的偏见在加剧,这种不利、负面的舆论也在中国社会蔓延,社会对宗教、民族问题上的猜忌、误解、敌视和分化在加剧、恶化,尤其在对伊斯兰教的理解及评价上也受到西方偏见的影响和驱动,令人担心和不安。实际上,伊斯兰教传入中国后,     

开展“四进”清真寺活动 坚持伊斯兰教中国化方向

正"四进"清真寺活动在全国的开展,必将激励全国伊斯兰教界和穆斯林群众自觉坚持伊斯兰教中国化方向,为全面建成小康社会,实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦作出新贡献。习近平总书记在党的十九大报告中对宗教工作提出"全面贯彻党的宗教工作基本方针,坚持我国宗教的中国化方向,积极引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应"的总体要求,使我们伊斯兰教界明确了新时代的重要使命和任务。     

中国化方向是我国伊斯兰教生生不息的必由之路

<正>奉至仁至慈的真主之名赛俩目!在这美丽的仲夏季节,我们相聚在历史悠久、文化厚重、风光秀丽的句容市,隆重召开坚持伊斯兰教中国化方向研讨会,感到非常高兴。这是我国伊斯兰教界第一次围绕"坚持伊斯兰教中国化方向"这一重大课题召开的研讨会,意义非同寻常,必将对深入学习贯彻全国宗教工作会议精神、系统总结伊斯兰教中国化的历史经验、积极推动伊斯兰教中国化的当代实践和全面促进伊斯兰教与社会主义社会相适应产     

推进新疆伊斯兰教中国化的几点思考

正习近平总书记在第三次中央新疆工作座谈会上强调:"要坚持新疆伊斯兰教中国化方向,实现宗教健康发展。"坚持新疆伊斯兰教中国化方向,对完整准确全面贯彻新时代党的治疆方略,聚焦社会稳定和长治久安总目标,实现伊斯兰教自身健康发展,积极引导新疆伊斯兰教与社会主义社会相适应,具有重要意义。由此,进一步思考、厘清和讲明中国化的主体、     

中国伊斯兰教伦理道德与社会主义荣辱观

3月4日,胡锦涛主席发表了关于树立社会主义荣辱观的重要讲话,理解和树立社会主义荣辱观,需要我们挖掘一切有利于社会主义精神文明建设的思想资源。伊斯兰教传入中国后,经过千余年与中国传统文化的结合,已逐步形成具有中国特色的伊斯兰教文化,其中所蕴涵的伦理道德思想,对于社会     

金陵学派对“伊儒会通”的贡献

正"中国伊斯兰教金陵学派"是指明末至清代,中国伊斯兰教历史上用中文翻译、撰写、诠释伊斯兰教经典和著作,在坚持伊斯兰教根本信仰和主要功课的基础上,主动与中国传统儒学相融合,从深层思想上将伊斯兰教中国化的学派。主要代表人物有王岱舆、伍遵契、刘智、金天柱、张中、马注、马德新、马联元等。由于他们的学术研究和理论体系自成一家,且主要代表人物都与南京有关,故称"金陵学派"。他们是"伊儒会     

宁夏 促进伊斯兰教与社会主义社会相适应

正一伊斯兰教中有许多优秀传统文化,发挥这些积极因素,符合我国社会需求,也符合伊斯兰教人士和信教群众的愿望。伊斯兰教讲和平,"伊斯兰"本身就是"和平、顺从"的意思,讲仁慈,反对杀害无辜。实际上是反对任何形式的恐怖主义。     

《从穆斯林到无神论者》

正由于家庭的原因,作者从小信仰伊斯兰教,后来转变为无神论者。他是如何看待伊斯兰教的,为什么会发生这种变化?作者说自已无意挑战伊斯兰和穆斯林,而是娓娓道来,态度诚恳,甚至令人尊敬。该书认为伊斯兰"是让人服从于神的意志的宗教","不论宗教如何宣称,从科学的角度看,人的生命没有意义","因此这无疑说明了不是宗教给我们以意义,而是我们赋予宗教以意义"。亚马逊前500评论者D.Buxman认为:"这是我读到的关于伊斯兰教的最好的一本书"。还有一些读者认为这部书可以促进人们对当今世界伊斯兰教及其文化的认识和理解。     

伊儒会通思想内涵的解析

正伊儒会通,是指伊斯兰教传入我国后,在中国化的历史进程中自觉与儒家为主的中华优秀传统文化交流、沟通与交融,内容涉及哲学、修养和习俗等诸多领域,其中哲学层面的"心性会通"和道德层面的"修养会通"是核心内容。实际上,伊儒会通是伊斯兰教与儒释道等各家思想文化的全面会通,只因伊斯兰教与儒家之间的会通是基础和重点,所以被称为"伊儒会通"。     

The traveling idea of Islamic Protestantism: a study of Iranian Luthers

This article examines some religious ideas of three prominent Iranian intellectuals: Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, Ali Sharī ^c ati, and Hashem Aghajari. They are considered Iranian Luthers for their deep appreciation of Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth-century in Europe, and their calls for Islamic Protestantism in Iran. However, this article is not intended to compare two religious reformations in Europe and Iran, but rather to study the traveling idea of Islamic Protestantism from al-Afghānī and Sharī ^c ati, to Aghajari in different situations and periods, and in response to different challenges. Edward Said's ‘traveling theory’ is used to analyze the dynamic historical movement of Islamic Protestantism ‘from person to person, from situation to situation, and from one period to another’. The traveling idea of Islamic Protestantism from al-Afghānī, Sharī ^c ati, to Aghajari, then creates the chain of intellectual transmission from the old generation to a newer one. As with ‘traveling theory reconsidered’, however, there is also the possibility that the idea of Islamic Protestantism will be reinterpreted and reinvigorated by a newer generation.     

Tradition,Reason, and Qur’anic Exegesis in the Modern Period: The Hermeneutics of Said Nursi

Key figures in modernist Qur’an exegesis include Sayyid Ahmad Khan (d. 1898) and Muhammad ?Abduh (d. 1905). This article presents the exegetical principles of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi (1877–1960), a Muslim thinker and a major twentieth-century Turkish scholar who is not necessarily to be labelled a ‘modernist’, on tafsīr bi-al-ma?thūr (tradition-based exegesis) and tafsīr bi-al-ra?y (reason-based exegesis) with special reference to the views of early Muslim modernist thinkers. It particularly refers to Nursi’s work on u?ūl al-tafsīr, Mu?ākamāt (Reasonings), and his one-volume commentary, Ishārāt al-i?jāz (Signs of Inimitability), in order to understand his method of tafsīr. The purpose of the article is to place Nursi within the historical framework of Qur’an exegesis and it argues that, while there are some similarities between ?Abduh and Nursi since the latter is influenced by the former, the methodological differences are clear. While ?Abduh’s method is text-based, Nursi’s is based on kalām (Islamic theology). While ?Abduh is critical of the classical style tafsīr and linguistic discussions in tafsīr, Nursi can be considered to be a modern representative of the Ottoman exegetical school and a follower in the way of al-Zamakhsharī (d. 538?1144), Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606?1210) and al-Bay?āwī (d. 685/1286).     

Analogies between al-Māturīdī’s and Duns Scotus’s Ethical Perspectives

Al-Māturīdī and Duns Scotus share an ethical paradigm that represents the middle ground between divine command and natural law theories in ethics. While al-Māturīdī’s theory can generally be located between Ash?arite divine command and Mu?tazilite natural law theories in Islamic ethics, Scotus’s theory can be placed between William of Ockham’s divine command and Thomas Aquinas’s natural law theories in Christian ethics. Although the starting point of their ethical perspectives is fundamentally based on criticism of natural law theory, neither theologian can be labelled as a typical divine command theorist. This moderate theory may therefore be described as the theory of soft divine command. The main purpose of this article is to draw attention to some similarities between al-Māturīdī’s and Duns Scotus’s ethical perspectives: First, both theologians highlight the composite picture of human nature in terms of morality. In other words, they posit that humans have two opposite tendencies: ‘affection for justice’ and ‘affection for advantage’. Second, although both theologians grant reason an ontological authority in determining what is good and bad, this authority is not limitless. Finally, both theologians argue that, unless one takes account of God’s freedom and wisdom, the moral order in the world cannot be fully comprehended.     

Re-thinking necessity (al-Darūra) in al-Ghazālī's understanding of physical causation

The present article analyzes al-Ghazālī's (1058 – 1111) effort to reconcile the theological concept of a causally efficacious Creator with the idea of regularity, and thus, predictability, in physical nature. Al-Ghazālī reframed the necessity (al-darūra) of causal relationships in nature in order to achieve two goals: one, theological and the other, epistemological. His intellectual solution ultimately preserved both the human ability to know material causal relations as well as divine creative omnipotence, in particular, God's ability to perform miracles. The Muslim discussion thus indirectly contributed to Western speculative thinking on this problem. The balanced approach that al-Ghazālī took, nevertheless, fell by the wayside within the Islamic environment where it was either ignored, or only partially understood, or narrowly and imperfectly interpreted. In the purely Muslim context, it also is essential to underscore the importance of al-Ghazālī's epistemological discoveries in laying the groundwork for the establishment of a paradigm of natural scientific speculation in the medieval Islamic world.     

Treating minorities with fatwas: a study of the Ahmadiyya community in Indonesia

The term “minority religious community” in the Muslim country of Indonesia refers not only to those embracing religions other than Islam, but also to minority groups like the Ahmadiyya. Recently, the treatment of Ahmadis has been worse than the treatment of non-Muslims. This article, therefore, intends to study the status of ‘deviant’ groups under Islamic law and the treatment of them in Muslim society. Specifically, this article addresses the following questions: How did ulama in the past define and treat minority groups? How do contemporary Sunni ulama define and treat the Ahmadiyya? What is the status of this group under Islamic law? Are they apostates, heretics, or unbelievers? And what are the legal consequences of these charges? To answer these questions, this article employs two methods. First, for theoretical treatment of minority groups in the past, this article focuses its analysis on al-Ghazāli’s Fay?al al-tafriqa and Fa?ā’i? al-bā?iniyya. Second, following a discussion of classical Islam, the article moves to contemporary time by analyzing fatwas against the Ahmadiyya from five institutions: the Rābi?a al-‘?lam al-Islāmī, Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI), Muhammadiyah, Council of the Islamic Fiqh Academy of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU). This article argues that, first, fatwas against the Ahmadiyya issued by these institutions were intended as a device to sustain orthodoxy of umma and, second, orthopraxy or devoutness in observing religious rituals, as practiced by the Ahmadis, does not exempt them from the charge of apostasy because theologically they are believed to deviate from orthodox beliefs.     

A Reader’s Guide to al-Shāfiʿī’s Epistle on Legal Theory (al-Risāla)

Al-Shāfi?ī’s famous Epistle on Legal Theory (al-Risāla) has long been hailed as formative for the discipline of Islamic legal theory (u?ūl al-fiqh), but its structure and the wording of some of its most important passages remain a puzzle. This essay is intended as an aide for the study of the Risāla’s Arabic text. It surveys scholarly disagreements about the work’s significance and structure, and argues that it is best understood as a sequence of three distinct compositions, the second and third having been appended to address issues raised by opponents during discussions about the first. Each ‘book’ makes a separate argument, has its own internal structure, and is distinguished by terminological and stylistic features. Most of the article consists of a detailed analytical outline that spells out what point al-Shāfi?ī is trying to make with each of his concrete legal examples, and shows how they fit together into a sequence of three related but separately organized arguments.     

Blood in the Mainstream: Kālī Pūjā and Tantric Orthodoxy in Early Modern Bengal

A consideration of how Kālī Pūjā enters festival contexts in early modern Bengal can suggest new ways of thinking about blood sacrifice in Hinduism. In this case, it appears that we may have underappreciated the impact of sectarian conflict. Through an exploration of the traditional origins of public Kālī Pūjā, I argue that its promotion with the attendant sacrifice by Brāhma?a aristocrats such as Rāja K???acandra Rāya of Nadīyā (1710–1782) can be read as a claim on public space for the Tantric yet socially and theologically conservative Smārta Hinduism favored by the upper castes over and against the comparatively egalitarian, sacrifice-averse ethos of the local Gau?īya Vai??ava movement.