A-symmetric confirmation and anthropic skepticism

Synthese - In recent years, anthropic reasoning has been used to justify a number of controversial skeptical hypotheses (both scientific and philosophical). In this paper, we consider two prominent...     

Domains of deontic reasoning: Resolving the discrepancy between the cognitive and moral reasoning literatures

Deontic reasoning has been studied in two subfields of psychology: the cognitive and moral reasoning literatures. These literatures have drawn different conclusions about the nature of deontic reasoning. The consensus within the cognitive reasoning literature is that deontic reasoning is a unitary phenomenon, whereas the consensus within the moral reasoning literature is that there are different subdomains of deontic reasoning. We present evidence from a series of experiments employing the methods of both literatures suggesting that people make a systematic distinction between two types of deontic rule: social contracts and precautions. The results call into question the prevailing opinion in the cognitive reasoning literature and provide further support for both an evolutionary view of deontic reasoning and the more domain-specific perspective found in the moral reasoning literature.     

Conflict areas between parents and their adolescents

Data concerning the conflict areas between parents and their adolescent children were collected for 756 adolescents (10 to 14 years old). Conflict areas were measured using the 20-item Family Roles Inventory developed by Thornburg (1982). A chi-square was performed across age and sex for all subjects and items. Across all subjects the two most conflicting areas with both mother and father were home responsibilities and spending money. The third most conflicting area with mother was selecting clothes. The third most conflicting area with father was using the phone. Across all subjects the area of least conflict with mother and father was watching television. As the literature suggests, conflict areas with mother are of a more personal nature, whereas conflict areas with father are more reality oriented. Despite these differences, conflict with mother is more prevalent than with father, especially with females.     

大学生在双趋冲突和趋避冲突中的折扣率差异

目的探讨大学生被试在双趋冲突和趋避冲突条件下的折扣率差异。方法让70名大学生完成两种条件下的延迟折扣任务（DDT）。结果趋避冲突条件下大学生被试的折扣率显著低于双趋冲突条件下的折扣率,在延迟奖赏为中幅度（50-60元）时折扣率最大。结论相对于双趋冲突,损益情况和延迟时间同时影响着被试在趋避冲突条件下的选择。     

毛泽东与文艺知识分子的价值冲突

毛泽东与文艺知识分子的价值冲突,主要表现为大众意识的强调与文艺知识分子的精英情结、为政治服务的要求与文艺知识分子的艺术性追求、思想改造与文艺知识分子的自由心性三个方面的冲突和对立。毛泽东和文艺知识分子常常站在不同的角度,对同一个东西产生了不同的理解,这正是造成毛泽东时代文艺领域悲剧的深层原因。     

The difference between generating counterexamples and using them during reasoning

The aim of this article is to provide insight into the types of long-term knowledge that are used for solving causal conditional inferences. Two taxonomies were constructed to map the types of counterexample. The available counterexamples are traditionally probed via a counterexample generation task. We observed that there are some significant differences in the types of counterexample retrieved in the reasoning task versus the generation task. The generation task can be used for predicting answers that sprout from a reasoning process that takes counterexample into account, but some participants use a different reasoning process in which the available semantic information is not used as contrasting evidence. Nonetheless, we found that the results of the generation task validly predicted the proportion of inferences accepted as well as the number of counterexamples used during reasoning.     

On the conflict between logic and belief in syllogistic reasoning

Three experiments are reported that investigate the weighting attached to logic and belief in syllogistic reasoning. Substantial belief biases were observed despite controls for possible conversions of the premises. Equally substantial effects of logic were observed despite controls for two possible response biases. A consistent interaction between belief and logic was also recorded; belief bias was more marked on invalid than on valid syllogisms. In all experiments, verbal protocols were recorded and analyzed. These protocols are interpreted in some cases as providing rationalizations for prejudiced decisions and, in other cases, as reflecting a genuine process of premise to conclusion reasoning. In the latter cases, belief bias was minimal but still present. Similarly, even subjects who focus primarily on the conclusion are influenced to an extent by the logic. Thus a conflict between logic and belief is observed throughout, but at several levels of extent.     

如何看待科学与伪科学之争

在世界新宗教运动中,神秘主义兴起,伪科学大有泛滥之势。人们在批评伪科学时,往往把伪科学的兴起归结为科学素养的不足,但这只能部分说     

如何看待科学与伪科学之争

(续上期) 迄今为止,人类对自身生命体和思维现象的认识还非常肤浅,意识是怎样形成的,思维是怎样     

9·11之后的美国政教冲突

这不是一个什么特殊的日子,但在美国当代政教关系史上,却是充满象征意义的两天。 2002年6月26日,美国加利福尼亚州第九巡回上诉法院以2比1的多数作出裁决:向国旗效忠的誓词违反美国宪法第一修正案。 次日,美国最高法院以5比4的多数作出判决:俄亥俄州克利夫兰市允许家长用政府教育券送孩子上私立教区学校不违宪。 同样是有关政教关系的案子,同样以微弱多数通过,而且是在相邻的两天,但其价值倾向却截然对立:前者要求政府与基督教传统更彻底地分离,后者则暗含了政府对基督教会的支持。 这两个案例生动地反映了9·11之后美国政教关系的复杂性。     

Conflict resolution between friends during middle childhood

The author interviewed 74 children (ages 8.5-11.5 years) in an exploratory study of interpersonal conflict resolution between children. Results suggest that children (a) most frequently used assertion and discussion as conflict resolution strategies, (b) used more than one strategy in a single conflict, and (c) used a strategy that corresponded to the strategy used by the other child in the conflict. The author discusses the implications of the findings and suggests areas for future research.     

Conflict between aftereffects of retinal sweep and looming motion

Summary Observers looked monocularly into a tunnel, with gratings on the left and right sides drifting toward the head. An exposure period was followed by a test with fixed gratings. With fixation points, left and right retinal fields could be stimulated selectively. When exposure and test were on the same retinal fields, but fixation was on opposite sides of the tunnel during exposure and test periods, aftereffects of retinal sweep and of perceived looming were in opposite directions. The two effects tended to cancel, yielding no perceived aftereffect. When they did occur, aftereffects in the retinal and the looming directions were equally likely. Cancellation was significantly more likely in the experimental conditions than in the control, when fixation always remained on the same side. When areas of retinal stimulation in the exposure and test periods did not overlap, cancellation was less frequent and aftereffects of looming were more frequent. Results were not significantly different for left and right visual fields, indicating that cortical vs. subcortical OKN pathways do not influence the illusion. Vection resulted for 16 of 20 observers under one or another of our conditions.     

医师裁量权与患者决定权的冲突与协调

医师裁量权与患者决定权处理不当易导致医患纠纷.从医师裁量权与患者决定权的含义入手,分析了医师裁量权与患者自主决定权的冲突原因及表现.从法律制度构建、多元化纠纷解决机制的建立、医师职业伦理的养成和医疗技术的提高等方面,提出了协调医师裁量权与患者自主权冲突,构建和谐医患关系的对策建议.