论皮亚杰的方法论及其当代意义

皮亚杰从生物学的适应性和平衡化概念出发, 论证了有机体和外部环境之间的双向互动关系, 进一步通过认知过程与生物学过程的“同构”, 建立了一种结构论的发生认识论。发生认识论的主要论题包括:主客体相互作用论、认知结构的建构论, 以及心理逻辑论等。皮亚杰的理论建构方法有两个重要特征:第一, 皮亚杰强调功能相对于结构的逻辑先在意义。功能是有机体对环境的适应与平衡化。因此, 皮亚杰的方法论是一种功能论。第二, 皮亚杰方法论的思想基础是辩证法。皮亚杰的发生认识论一方面批判唯理论, 另一方面批判经验论, 最终形成了一套独特的认识论体系。皮亚杰的发生认识论对当今心理学和心灵哲学研究中诸多“难问题”, 诸如“他心问题”、“归纳问题”等, 可能提供了元理论层面和方法层面的引领和启发。     

Testing and assessment ethics for all persons: beginning and agenda

The previous American Psychological Association (APA) assessment ethics code (APA, 1990) and the new code (APA, 1992) differ in content that is relevant to culturally sensitive practices (i.e., culture-specific assessment technologies, culture-specific service delivery styles, use of clients' first language, and recognition of non-Anglo-American belief systems). The new code falls short in areas that are in the process of development or remain controversial. Suggestions for implementation and supplementation are included.     

Resource Document on Access to Firearms by People with Mental Disorders

The American Psychiatric Association, (“APA”), with more than 36,000 members at present, is the Nation's leading organization of physicians who specialize in psychiatry. APA provides for education and advocacy and develops policy through Position Statements. It promotes enhanced knowledge of particular topics relevant to psychiatric practice and patient care through Resource Documents. Since 1993, the APA has developed various positions and resource materials related to firearms and mental illness, incorporating evolving themes as new issues emerge. This paper reflects the APA's 2014 Resource Document on “Access to Firearms by People with Mental Disorders.” This article is derived from work done on behalf of American Psychiatric Association and remains the property of APA. It has been altered only in response to the requirements of peer review. Copyright © 2015 American Psychiatric Association. Published with permission (original adopted by the American Psychiatric Association 2014).     

Teaching psychologists and the new APA ethics code: do we fit in?

The new American Psychological Association (APA) ethics code (APA, 1992) creates dilemmas of both image and substance for teaching psychologists. Items specific to teaching psychologists reflect housekeeping matters of lesser importance and situations over which teaching psychologists have little control. Teachers of psychology are sometimes inappropriately grouped with other types of psychologists. Freedom of inquiry and communication are curtailed in ambiguous ways, and the standards expected of teachers in the academy are set a mediocre level. Although the new code contains some improvements over the previous code (APA, 1990)--especially in the areas of multiple relationships, prohibitions against sex with students, respect for differences among students, and authorship rights retained by students--numerous recommendations for future revision are strongly recommended.     

Does Depression Affect Clinical Practice?

Abstract

While recent autobiographical accounts of women psychotherapists with depressive illnesses have provided vivid and compelling portraits of therapists' experiences in therapy (e.g., Jamison, 1995; Manning, 1995), further research is needed to clarify the impact that depression and its treatment have upon both collegial relationships and clinical practice. A subset of the membership of the Association for Women in Psychology (AWP) was surveyed concerning therapists' experiences with depression and its treatment. Of 220 respondents, 76% reported some form of depressive illness. Eighty-five percent of respondents indicated that they participated in personal therapy. When evaluating their clinical work, respondents reported both positive and negative consequences resulting from their depression. While some respondents noted improvement in collegial relationships, many felt judged and avoided.     

Psychology and homelessness. A public policy and advocacy agenda.

This article describes a public policy agenda developed for the American Psychological Association (APA) by the APA Ad Hoc Advisory Panel on Homelessness, which met May 31-June 1, 1991. The agenda is intended to inform APA staff in their legislative and policy work with Congress and Executive Branch agencies on issues relevant to homelessness.     

Drive level and cue utilization in a free operant situation with albino rats

Summary Albino rats under either a daily high (2 gms) or moderate (12 gms) food deprivation condition were presented stimuli at the termination of reinforced fixed ratio bar press response chains. Within each drive group, half the animals received a session of brief light-off stimuli accompanied by reinforcement followed by a session of a buzzer and light-off compound stimuli paired with reinforcement. The remaining animals had the buzzer first paired with reinforcement and then the compound stimulus paired with reinforcement. Each stimulus element was tested for its respective control of nonreinforced food-cup approach behavior. These tests demonstrated that the buzzer cue blocked and overshadowed control of approach behavior of the light-off cue. In animals that received the initial light-off conditioning session, overshadowing by the buzzer of the light-off stimulus was less strong in high than moderate drive animals. These results were discussed in terms of Kamin's (1969) findings and Easterbrook's (1959) arousal-cue utilization hypothesis.The present study was supported by a grant given to the senior author from the National Research Council of Canada (APA 7450). The findings of the single stimulus control groups were also presented as a paper in modified form to the Canadian Psychological Association at its annual meeting, 1974, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.     

2007 annual report

Presents the 2007 Annual Report from the American Psychological Association (APA). Included are the APA presidential address, the 2008 American Psychological Foundation (APF) Gold Medal and Teaching Awards, and reports from Association directorates.     

The Founding of the Association for Psychological Science: Part 2. The Tipping Point and Early Years

ABSTRACT— The founding of the Association for Psychological Science (APS) occurred in the context of long-standing dialectical tensions within organized psychology. It represents the most recent breakaway effort from the American Psychological Association (APA), psychology's parent association in the United States. Beginning in the 1970s, numerous APA committees deliberated the Association's structure, making recommendations designed to appease the various constituencies within the changing organization; all but the last of these proposals were ultimately rejected by the APA Council. In 1987, the Assembly for Scientific and Applied Psychologists (ASAP) formed to encourage APA reorganization, and in early 1988, the APA Council approved a reorganization plan; that plan was, however, rejected by the membership. In August 1988, the ASAP became the APS. The early years of the APS were shaped by challenges and successes that would lay the groundwork for the APS to become a prominent organization in the promotion of scientific psychology. An understanding of these events may provide insight into the nature of organized psychology and its future.     

Professional Development: Mine and Theirs

This paper is based on an invited address for the Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers (APAHC) at the 2010 American Psychological Association (APA) Convention in San Diego, California. It is in response to the Ivan Mensh Award for Distinguished Achievement in Teaching presented to the author at the 2009 APA Convention. This article addresses two key themes in the instruction and professional development of clinical psychologists: internalization and management matters. The author asserts that these process and content topics characterize critical training ingredients in preparing students for the future practice of clinical psychology within modern academic health care settings.     

American Psychiatric Association: Position Statement on Firearm Access,Acts of Violence and the Relationship to Mental Illness and Mental Health Services

The American Psychiatric Association, (“APA”), with more than 36,000 members at present, is the Nation's leading organization of physicians who specialize in psychiatry. APA provides for education and advocacy and develops policy through Position Statements. It promotes enhanced knowledge of particular topics relevant to psychiatric practice and patient care through Resource Documents. Since 1993, the APA has developed various positions and resource materials related to firearms and mental illness, incorporating evolving themes as new issues emerge. This paper reflects the APA's 2014 Position Statement on Firearm Access, Acts of Violence and the Relationship to Mental Illness and Mental Health Services.     

The Politics of Exclusion

Starting as a movement based on the discoveries of a genius, psychoanalysis aspired to be a science. A deeply subjective method of data gathering, it had to transform new findings into its founder's objectively coherent theory or revise it and challenge the founder. Exclusion from the group emerged as scientific judgment and punishment. From early on, when Freud barely distinguished between disagreement and enmity, assessment of new ideas was entwined with narcissistic conflicts. Exclusion not only maintained the relative coherence of the theory—a reasonable, laudable goal—but led to an enhanced in-group motivated to maintain the theory and a devalued out-group that would need to turn the tables. The way was paved for fortification of established ideas and overidealization of new ideas. But the decision by the American Psychoanalytic Association (APA) to accept only physicians for psychoanalytic training extended exclusion to group membership. The result was the establishment of training outside the official APA/International Psycho-analytical Association umbrella. Formation of nonestablishment psychoanalytic institutes not only allowed more heterogeneity of ideas during the rule of orthodoxy but introduced seemingly less hierarchical organizational structures. Ideas embodied in these structures are now advocated by those who find hierarchy too oppressive. The paper ends with an examination of some of these ideas.     

Community Mental Health Service Providers' Codes of Ethics and the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing

This study compared the codes of ethics of 13 professional organizations for community mental health service providers that have been represented at the meetings of the Fair Access Coalition for Testing with the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (American Educational Research Association [AERA], American Psychological Association [APA], & National Council on Measurement in Education [NCME], 1985) and all those standards cited in the revised Standards (AERA, APA, & NCME, 1999) that the investigators identified as pertaining to clinical assessment, as these standards apply to test users. The results suggest that only 2 of the codes of ethics address many of the Standards. Implications and recommendations for professional organizations are provided.     

Ethical principles of the American Psychological Association: an argument for philosophical and practical ranking

Unlike the American Psychological Association (APA), the Canadian Psychological Association has adopted a code of ethics in which principles are organized in order of importance. The validity of this hierarchical organization has received some empirical and theoretical support. We conducted a theoretical analysis that revealed conceptual justification for a ranking of the 6 principles in the APA code. Such a ranking could assist psychologists in making more informed and consistent moral choices when confronted with ethical dilemmas that involve conflicts among principles.     

Religious studies as a modern academic discipline in Korea

This article offers a historical and institutional overview of the discipline of religious studies in Korea. It first reviews four early sources of comparative studies: work by Christian missionaries; by Japanese scholars during the period of colonization by that nation; by nationalist Korean scholars who reacted against colonization; and by Korean Christian theologians. The founding of the Korean Association for the History of Religions (KAHR) in 1969 was a key point in the professionalization of the discipline. The field became more firmly established in the late 1980s and early 1990s and has diversified in recent years with a new generation of often foreign-trained scholars. The article ends with a brief discussion of potential contributions that the discipline could make to current debates of national significance.     

Control of Psychological Testing: The Threat and a Response

Who has the right to use psychological tests? Until recently, most qualified professionals had access to these tests. The American Psychological Association (APA), however, has supported several legal interventions as well as legislation that would allow only licensed psychologists to use most psychological tests. The position of the Fair Access Coalition on Testing (FACT) is that the APA efforts will reduce needed services to the general public, violate existing professional policies of both the American Counseling Association and APA, initiate counterproductive turf wars, and turn existing collaboration among professional organizations into time-consuming, resource-devouring, nonproductive conflict. FACT's efforts to reaffirm its policy statement are outlined.     

Counseling and Spirituality: A Historical Review

Evolution of the relationship between counseling and spirituality since 1840 is examined in terms of the number of publications that have appeared over time that include these terms. The author retrieved the data using the American Psychological Association's PsycINFO database. A similar search was done adding the term training. The rise of behaviorism and cognitive psychology is discussed as possible explanations for the absence of a discussion of spirituality in the early psychological literature. A. H. Maslow's (1969a, 1969b; Association for Transpersonal Psychology, n.d.) work; the evolution of the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling; and multiculturalism are suggested as possible influences on the growth in the number of publications on spiritual and counseling issues over the last 30 years.