DRM范式的关联性记忆错觉的研究综述

该文介绍了近年来使用Deese -Roediger -McDermott范式对关联性记忆错觉的研究。简述了影响关联性记忆错觉的九种因素的实验研究、关联效应产生的神经机制方面的研究以及有关的知觉 -记忆模型。     

关联性记忆错觉的产生与保持

两项实验对关联性记忆错觉的产生与保持进行了考察。实验结果表明,关联性记忆错觉接近学过词的回忆水平,但它的产生不随年龄的变化而变化;时间变量对关联性记忆错觉的影响不显著。此外,关联性记忆错觉不同于学过的词,在延迟加快时没有系列位置效应的产生。     

DRM范式的关联性记忆错觉的理论解释述评

随着关联性记忆错觉的深入发展,研究者逐渐对关联性记忆错觉进行理论解释,并提出了一些相关的模型,该文从四个角度进行了归纳,即：基于部分编码的解释、基于信号检测分析的模型、模糊痕迹理论和综合的建构性记忆模型等,并进行了评价和展望。     

当前记忆错觉研究的三个主要方面

记忆错觉的研究,对我们真正了解人类记忆至关重要,它是当前记忆研究的一大热点。本文简要介绍了记忆错觉研究的三个主要方面：关联效应、现实检测和信源检测的错误、流畅错觉,并介绍了有关的理论和研究方法。     

记忆错觉研究综述

１前言 记忆错觉（ｍｅｍｏｒｙ ｉｌｌｕｓｉｏｎ）就是指人们对过去事件的报告与事实严重偏离［１］。如同关于错觉的研究,可以为我们理解知觉加工规律提供大量的依据,关于记忆错觉的研究,也应极有助于我们真正了解人类记忆,因而,记忆错觉逐渐成为当前记忆研究的一大热点。本文拟对记忆错觉方面的研究加以综述。２记忆错觉的早期研究 在 １９６４年版的心理学词典中,Ｄｒｅｖｅｒ对错觉（ｉｌｌｕｓｉｏｎ）这一词条作了如下解释“在感知觉中,指对客观内容（或实际感觉材料）的主观偏离;在记忆中,指人们在回忆过去经验时由于增删…     

记忆源检测研究综述

该文围绕记忆信息源检测这一二十世纪80年代后出现的新的研究领域,着重介绍了有较大影响的信源检测框架理论及其在源记忆错觉和神经机制方面的主要研究成果,并最后对这一领域研究的理论意义和现实意义进行了讨论。     

视错觉产生的神经机制

传统认知心理学对视觉错觉的解释存在局限性。认知神经科学在移动错觉、轮廓错觉、颜色错觉研究中的一批新发现,可以综合并概括为一种视错觉发生的神经关联重叠机制。该重叠性表现为错觉与相应的真实知觉具有本质上相同的神经活动,即错觉与真实知觉享有共同的神经关联,没有只对错觉反应而不对真实知觉反应的特定神经关联物,而错觉神经活动的特别之处是在真实知觉发生的相同脑区有更强烈的激活     

注意分散对虚假再认的影响

采用DRM范式研究学习阶段不同的注意水平对关联性记忆错觉的影响。结果表明随着注意水平的降低,对学过项目的正确再认率显著下降。对关键诱饵的虚假再认率不易受注意分散的影响。正确再认和虚假再认的记得成分相似,但知道成分的变化趋势不同。虚假再认比正确再认的感知觉细节少。     

消费活动中品牌错觉产生和错觉类型的年龄特征的试验研究

本研究通过实验得出以下结论：(1)记忆错觉与消费者的年龄有关,老年组的错误率最高,青年组的错误率最低;(2)记忆错觉类型与年龄有关,老年组在英文和色彩项目上错误率最高,少儿在英文和汉字项目上错误最高,而对形状和色彩相对要敏感,青年组比较平均,是错误率最低的一组被试：(3)消费者记忆错觉的产生与消费者具体的消费实践有关,接触少的品牌产生错觉的概率高,接触得比较多的品牌错觉率相对要低。     

错觉研究:从狭义到广义的演进

心理学家对错觉现象的关注由来已久,以往的错觉研究大部分关注与知觉过程相联系的错觉。近十几年来,当代错觉研究呈现出新的热点,并从狭义向广义演进。这一研究对象扩展的基础,是错觉现象的本质特征,即认知过程的一致性偏差。广义错觉研究的对象涉及知觉、记忆、思维、推理等各种心理过程。     

词汇共现频率视角下语义联想效应及其神经机制

词汇识别与记忆受到词汇之间语义联想关系的影响。鉴于自由联想方法建立词汇语义联想关系的局限性, 研究者们提出用共现联想法建立词汇之间的语义联想关系。本文对词汇共现频率视角下的语义联想效应及其神经机制的研究进行分析发现, 语义联想的丰富程度和关联程度影响词汇的加工; 与少语义联想词相比, 多语义联想词导致P200波幅增大和N400波幅减小; 语义联想加工涉及的脑区主要是额上回和左内侧颞叶区域。未来研究需要探讨自由联想法和共现联想法建立语义联想关系的差异, 基于共现联想法进一步地探究语义联想的行为规律和神经机制, 并从共现联想的角度开展汉语语义联想效应及神经机制的研究。     

动词论元结构复杂性加工的认知神经机制

动词论元结构复杂性表现在论元数量、论元范畴选择模式、题元角色指派模式和映射方式四个方面。大部分实证研究表明, 更多的论元数量、选择性论元范畴、选择性题元角色指派以及非典型映射, 使动词论元结构加工的认知神经机制更复杂。多论元加工功能脑区主要涉及左侧额下回和外侧裂周后部; 选择性论元范畴加工功能脑区主要涉及左侧额下回、额叶中后部、颞上回和颞叶中后部; 选择性题元角色指派加工功能脑区主要涉及外侧裂周后部、左侧额叶中后部和额下回; 非典型映射加工功能脑区主要涉及左侧额下回、颞上回、颞中回和颞叶后部。左侧额下回可能涉及初始句法加工、动词次范畴确定、句法移位和非宾格动词语义加工, 左侧额叶中后部可能涉及初始句法加工和动词次范畴确定, 左侧颞上回和颞叶中后部可能涉及表层句法加工和表层论元句法-语义整合, 外侧裂周后部可能涉及论元语义表征。动词论元结构加工过程和动词词汇特征表明, 复杂性某些方面存在交互作用。动词论元结构复杂性与加工难易的对应关系、复杂性加工难度层级和交互作用的认知神经机制以及汉语动词论元结构复杂性加工认知神经机制等议题, 有待进一步探讨。     

Does sunshine prime loyal … or summer? Effects of associative relatedness on the evaluative priming effect in the valent/neutral categorisation task

After 30 years of research, the mechanisms underlying the evaluative priming effect are still a topic of debate. In this study, we tested whether the evaluative priming effect can result from (uncontrolled) associative relatedness rather than evaluative congruency. Stimuli that share the same evaluative connotation are more likely to show some degree of non-evaluative associative relatedness than stimuli that have a different evaluative connotation. Therefore, unless associative relatedness is explicitly controlled for, evaluative priming effects reported in earlier research may be driven by associative relatedness instead of evaluative relatedness. To address this possibility, we performed an evaluative priming study in which evaluative congruency and associative relatedness were manipulated independently from each other. The valent/neutral categorisation task was used to ensure evaluative stimulus processing in the absence of response priming effects. Results showed an effect of associative relatedness but no (overall) effect of evaluative congruency. Our findings highlight the importance of controlling for associative relatedness when testing for evaluative priming effects.     

The robustness of false memory for emotional pictures

Emotional material is commonly reported to be more accurately recognised; however, there is substantial evidence of increased false alarm rates (FAR) for emotional material and several reports of stronger influences on response bias than accuracy. This pattern is more frequently reported for words than pictures. Research on the mechanisms underlying bias differences has mostly focused on word lists under short retention intervals. This article presents four series of experiments examining recognition memory for emotional pictures while varying arousal and the control over the content of the pictures at two retention intervals, and one study measuring the relatedness of the series picture sets. Under the shorter retention interval, emotion increased false alarms and reduced accuracy. Under the longer retention interval emotion increased hit rates and FAR, resulting in reduced accuracy and/or bias. At both retention intervals, the pattern of valence effects differed based on the arousal associated with the picture sets. Emotional pictures were found to be more related than neutral pictures in each set; however, the influence of relatedness alone does not provide an adequate explanation for all emotional differences. The results demonstrate substantial emotional differences in picture recognition that vary based on valence, arousal and retention interval.     

Limbic system seizures and aggressive behavior (superkindling effects)

Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science - This study was done to further analyze the neural mechanisms underlying aggressive behavior associated with psychomotor or temporal lobe seizures....     

类别学习和分类运用的神经机制

从类别学习和分类运用(包括非人类对象分类和社会分类)两个方面阐述了分类的神经机制。类别学习主要与新皮层、内侧颞叶、基底神经节、中脑多巴胺能系统有关, 不同类别的学习会激活这些神经系统间不同的连接。对非人类对象分类时, 不同类型、级别、熟悉度及相似度类别分类的神经机制不同, 分类对象的清晰度、类别不确定性会影响分类的神经机制, 在分类进程的不同时段会出现对应的ERP指标。社会分类时个体先注意到外群体再加工内群体, 且对内群体的加工更深, P200和N200是对内、外群体区分的特异性波, 内外群体分类时, 内群体激活梭状回和扣带回后部, 外群体激活杏仁核。文章最后比较了人类和灵长类动物分类神经机制的异同, 并指出社会分类和非人类对象分类神经机制的整合以及人类和灵长类动物分类神经机制的比较是今后研究需要关注的问题。     

Integrating the Automatic and the Controlled: Strategies in Semantic Priming in an Attractor Network With Latching Dynamics

Semantic priming has long been recognized to reflect, along with automatic semantic mechanisms, the contribution of controlled strategies. However, previous theories of controlled priming were mostly qualitative, lacking common grounds with modern mathematical models of automatic priming based on neural networks. Recently, we introduced a novel attractor network model of automatic semantic priming with latching dynamics. Here, we extend this work to show how the same model can also account for important findings regarding controlled processes. Assuming the rate of semantic transitions in the network can be adapted using simple reinforcement learning, we show how basic findings attributed to controlled processes in priming can be achieved, including their dependency on stimulus onset asynchrony and relatedness proportion and their unique effect on associative, category‐exemplar, mediated and backward prime‐target relations. We discuss how our mechanism relates to the classic expectancy theory and how it can be further extended in future developments of the model.     

Relatedness support enhances motivation,positive affect,and motor learning in adolescents

Social relatedness is a basic psychological need to experience satisfaction of interpersonal acceptance and closeness with others. In this experiment, the effects of social relatedness on the learning of a task (hitting a ball with a racket toward a target) were tested in adolescents. Participants were assigned to three experimental groups. After a pre-test and before practice, participants in the relatedness support (RS) condition received instructions emphasizing recognition, importance, and interest in the participant's experience. Participants in the relatedness frustration (RF) condition received instructions emphasizing disinterest in the participant as a person. Control participants did not receive specific relatedness instructions. One day later, they performed retention and transfer tests. Questionnaires measured participants' motivational and affective levels. The results showed that supporting the relatedness need enhances task learning in adolescents. Motivation and affective levels were also affected. The findings are the first to show that social relatedness affects adolescent's motor performance and learning and reveal underlying mechanisms implicated in such effects.     

Unsatisfied relatedness,not competence or autonomy,increases trait anger through the right amygdala

Anger is a common negative emotion in social life. Behavioral research suggests that unsatisfied relatedness, autonomy, and competence are related to anger. However, it remains unclear whether these unsatisfied needs all contribute to anger or just a particular unsatisfied need is the main source of anger. In addition, little is known about the neural substrate between unsatisfied needs and anger. To address these two questions, we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to explore the neural substrate underlying the relation between unsatisfied needs and trait anger. Behaviorally, we found that although all three unsatisfied needs were correlated with trait anger, unsatisfied relatedness was the only factor that was uniquely related to trait anger. Neurally, the gray matter volume of the right amygdala was correlated with trait anger, which fits nicely with the role of the amygdala as a core region for processing anger. Importantly, the right amygdala mediated the total effect of unsatisfied relatedness on trait anger, even after controlling for general personality dispositions. Our results contribute to the theoretical conceptualization of anger by elucidating the unique role of unsatisfied relatedness in anger and the neural substrate underlying such relation.