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1.
Amelie Rorty 《The Journal of Ethics》2012,16(1):1-13
Both morality and theories of morality play many distinctive—and sometimes apparently conflicting—functions: they identify
and prohibit wrongful aggression; they chart and analyze basic duties; they present ideals for emulation; they set the terms
or justice, rights and entitlements; they characterize the norms of basic decency and neighborliness. Since many of these
can, in practice, come into conflict with one another, morality provides guidance for integrating priorities. Claims to morality
can, however, be misused as well as used: sanctimonious self-righteousness, self-centered moral narcisism and deflecting,
misleading justification all present an abusive mask of morality. In this paper, I analyze both the use and abuse of morality
and offer an account of its appropriate use, as presenting multiple heuristic questions for reflection. 相似文献
2.
Nicholas Shea Kristine Krug Philippe N. Tobler 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2008,8(4):418-428
Emerging evidence suggests that the long-established distinction between habit-based and goal-directed decision-making mechanisms
can also be sustained in humans. Although the habit-based system has been extensively studied in humans, the goal-directed
system is less well characterized. This review brings to that task the distinction between conceptual and nonconceptual representational
mechanisms. Conceptual representations are structured out of semantic constituents (concepts)—the use of which requires an
ability to perform some language-like syntactic processing. Decision making—as investigated by neuroscience and psychology—is
normally studied in isolation from questions about concepts as studied in philosophy and cognitive psychology. We ask what
role concepts play in the “goal-directed” decision-making system. We argue that one fruitful way of studying this system in
humans is to investigate the extent to which it deploys conceptual representations. 相似文献
3.
Nanotechnology — A new field of ethical inquiry? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Grunwald A 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(2):187-201
Parallel to the public discussion on the benefits and risks of nanotechnology, a debate on the ethics of nanotechnology has
begun. It has been postulated that a new “nano-ethics” is necessary. In this debate, the — positive as well as negative —
visionary and speculative innovations which are brought into connection with nanotechnology stand in the foreground. In this
contribution, an attempt is made to discover new ethical aspects of nanotechnology in a more systematic manner than has been
the case. It turns out that there are hardly any completely new ethical aspects raised by nanotechnology. It is much rather
primarily a case of gradual shifts of emphasis and of relevance in questions which, in principle, are already known and which
give reason for ethical discussions on nanotechnology. In a certain manner, structurally novel ethical aspects arise through
the important role played by visions in the public discourse. New questions are also posed by the fact that previously separate
lines of ethical reflection converge in the field of nanotechnology. The proposal of an independent “nano-ethics”, however,
seems exaggerated. 相似文献
4.
Vlad Petre Glăveanu 《Psychological studies》2010,55(4):339-350
The present article reports a study on the use of a multiple feedback methodology for creativity evaluation in the case of
Romanian Easter eggs. Four groups of evaluators —i.e. ethnographers, priests, art teachers and folk artists—all members of
professional communities relevant for this particular folk art participated in the study. They almost unanimously appreciated
‘traditional’ wax decorated eggs as highly creative for their designs, aesthetics and the hard work and talent they require
but opinions diverged when commenting on the creativity of other types of Easter eggs. At a more general level, two broad
evaluation patters were found, corresponding to whether respondents participate or not in decoration practices. Identifying
these patterns comes to reinforce the idea that creativity evaluations, as well as creative activity, are rooted in the social
and cultural contexts of the participants and these contexts share important similarities but also marked differences. 相似文献
5.
Jansen B 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):319-325
When confronting the issues related to developments in modern medicine and biotechnology, we must repeatedly ask ourselves
anew what can and cannot be justified in an ethical sense. For radically new ethical questions seem to arise through innovative
techniques such as stem cell research or preimplantation diagnosis — and with them new areas of conflicting interests. If
one scrutinizes the previous positions related to this subject, it becomes conspicuous that a multitude of questions has quickly
piled up — however, (as in the case of Germany) comprehensive and differentiated views have mostly been lacking.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
6.
Kenneth P. Tercyak Marilyn L. Sampilo Mira Brancu Mark Beck-Hyman Agnes Browne Doee Kitessa Sowmya Prahlad Lauren Wine Randi Streisand 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2006,13(2):191-196
The purpose of this study was to apply a behavioral epidemiology framework reported in J. F. Sallis, N. Owen, and M. J. Fotheringham (2000) to the field of child health psychology and describe the resulting distribution of research phases. Recent volumes of the Journal of Pediatric Psychology were analyzed and their articles classified as belonging to one of five sequentially-ordered phases of behavioral epidemiology research: Phase 1—relationship between behavior and health; Phase 2—measurement and method; Phase 3—factors influencing behavior; Phase 4—intervention; Phase 5—translation. The results indicate that Phase 3 studies (46%) were the most well-represented in the field, followed by Phase 2 (11%), Phase 1 (9%), Phase 4 (8%), and Phase 5 studies (2%). Compared to the journal Health Psychology, the shape of the research phase distribution of articles published in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology was similar. Overall, an encouraging amount of data in the field of child health psychology is being amassed in preparation for behavioral intervention. As research in the field matures, it will likely have a greater impact on public health via chronic disease prevention and control and health promotion interventions. 相似文献
7.
Lisa Gannett 《Synthese》2010,177(3):363-385
Increased attention paid to inter-group genetic variability following completion of the Human Genome Project has provoked
debate about race as a category of classification in biomedicine and as a biological phenomenon at the level of the genome.
Philosophers of science favor a metaphysical approach relying on natural kind theorizing, the underlying assumptions of which
structure the questions asked. Limitations arise the more metaphysically invested and less attuned to scientific practice
these questions are. Other questions—arguably, those that matter most socially and politically—remain unasked, not merely
overlooked but systematically ignored and even foreclosed. Race fails as a postulated natural kind because it fails to meet
expectations that as a category of classification it furnish an authoritative taxonomy that by depicting fundamental divisions
in nature is conducive to fulfilling far-ranging explanatory aims. Racial, ethnic, and other group designations may nonetheless
be projectible insofar as they support inductive inferences in biomedicine, but this does not render them any less social.
Indeed, the statistical, contingent, accidental, localized, and interest-relative bases of such inferences serve to undercut
the dichotomizing of race as either biological reality or social construct and favor the adoption of a pragmatic approach. 相似文献
8.
David L. Van Rooy Daniel S. Whitman Dennis Hart Suzette Caleo 《Journal of business and psychology》2011,26(2):147-152
In this article, we emphasize that measuring workforce attitudes is a business imperative—including during an economic downturn
or crisis. After reviewing the concept of employee engagement we draw upon recent real-world examples and data across a variety
of organizations and argue for the business value of an engaged workforce. We offer practical applications for HR managers,
including providing guidance on the types of questions that should be asked in an employee survey and focusing on those that
result in the most actionable feedback. We conclude the paper by laying out an agenda for future research aimed at helping
bridge the academic-practitioner divide. 相似文献
9.
P. Gregg Blanton 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2007,29(4):211-221
A review of the literature reveals that one particular form of contemplation—mindfulness—has been integrated into cognitive-behavioral
therapy. Built upon this background, this article raises the issue of combining contemplation and narrative therapy. It first
examines the unique experiences that occur when one enters into silence. Then, it explores the implications of these experiences
for narrative therapy. A contemplative-based approach to narrative therapy differs from traditional narrative therapy in that
it utilizes: (a) contemplative skills, (b) contemplative and narrative metaphors, (c) modified interventions, and (d) broader
views of reality and self. The outcome is an enlarged narrative approaches that possess numerous benefits and possibilities
for future treatment models.
P. Gregg Blanton is a Professor of Human Services at Montreat College. He is a Clinical Member and Approved Supervisor of
AAMFT. 相似文献
10.
We argue that considering only a few ‘big’ ethical decisions in any engineering design process — both in education and practice
— only reinforces the mistaken idea of engineering design as a series of independent sub-problems. Using data collected in
engineering design organisations over a seven year period, we show how an ethical component to engineering decisions is much
more pervasive. We distinguish three types of ethical justification for engineering decisions: (1) consequential, (2) deontological
or non-consequential, and (3) virtue-based. We find that although there is some evidence for engineering designers as ‘classic’
consequentialists, a more egocentric consequentialism would appear more fitting. We also explain how the idea of a ‘folk ethics’
— a justification in the second category that consciously weighs one thing with another — fits with the idea of the engineering
design process as social negotiation rather than as technological progress. 相似文献
11.
Evaluation of unsupervised semantic mapping of natural language with Leximancer concept mapping 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The Leximancer system is a relatively new method for transforming lexical co-occurrence information from natural language
into semantic patterns in an unsupervised manner. It employs two stages of co-occurrence information extraction—semantic andrelational—using a different algorithm for each stage. The algorithms used are statistical, but they employ nonlinear dynamics and machine
learning. This article is an attempt to validate the output of Leximancer, using a set of evaluation criteria taken from content
analysis that are appropriate for knowledge discovery tasks. 相似文献
12.
Echolalia, the parroting of the speech of others, is a severe communication disorder frequently associated with childhood schizophrenia and mental retardation. Two echolalic children, one schizophrenic and one retarded, were treated in a multiple-baseline design across subjects. Each child was taught to make an appropriate, nonecholalic verbal response (i.e., “I don't know”) to a small set of previously echoed questions. After such training, this response generalized across a broad set of untrained questions that had formerly been echoed. The results obtained were the same irrespective of the specific experimenter who presented the questions. Further, each child discriminated appropriately between those questions that had previously been echoed and those that had not. Followup probes showed that treatment gains were maintained one month later. The procedure is economical, in that it produces a rapid and widespread cessation of echolalic responding. 相似文献
13.
Donald Capps 《Journal of religion and health》2011,50(2):313-320
When asked in a questionnaire to describe a spiritual person, William James named one instead: Phillips Brooks. This article
focuses on Brooks—his life, his sermons, and his poem “O Little Town of Bethlehem”—to make the case that he exemplified James’
view of spirituality as “a susceptibility to ideals, but with a certain freedom to indulge in imagination about them.” It
also supports Belzen’s (Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12:205–222, 2009) view that there is no spirituality in general but only individual manifestations of it, a point that James’ nomination of
Brooks implicitly supports. 相似文献
14.
Leah McClimans 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2010,31(3):225-240
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are increasingly used to assess multiple facets of healthcare, including effectiveness,
side effects of treatment, symptoms, health care needs, quality of care, and the evaluation of health care options. There
are thousands of these measures and yet there is very little discussion of their theoretical underpinnings. In her 2008 Presidential
address to the Society for Quality of Life Research (ISOQoL), Professor Donna Lamping challenged researchers to grapple with
the theoretical issues that arise from these measures. In this paper, I attempt to do so by arguing for an analogy between
PROMs and Hans-Georg Gadamer’s logic of question and answer. While researchers readily admit that the constructs involved
in PROMs are imperfectly understood and lack a gold standard, they often ignore the consequences of this fact. Gadamer’s work
on questions and their importance to philosophical hermeneutics helps to show that the questions researchers ask about such
constructs are also imperfectly understood. I argue that these questions should not be standardized, and I instead propose
a theoretical framework that understands PROMs as posing genuine questions to respondents—questions that are open to reinterpretation. 相似文献
15.
Multiple-baseline designs are an extension of the basic single-case AB phase designs, in which several of those AB designs
are implemented simultaneously to different persons, behaviors, or settings, and the intervention is introduced in a staggered
way to the different units. These designs are well-suited for research in the behavioral sciences. We discuss the advantages
and limitations for valid inferences, and suggest a statistical technique—randomization tests—for use with multiple-baseline
data, to complement visual analysis. In addition, we provide an extension of our SCRT-R package (which already contained means
for conducting randomization tests on single-case phase and alternation designs), for multiple-baseline AB data. 相似文献
16.
Reynolds and Besner (2005) presented a computational account of six effects that emerge when readers are asked to pronounce
pseudohomophones (nonwords—e.g., brane—that sound like words when pronounced). In the dual route cascaded (DRC) model of reading,
they varied a parameter controlling the rate of inhibition from letter units to the orthographic lexicon to mimic strategic
control over the extent of specific lexical processing. In this article, we provide an account in which the effects are simulated
by varying the DRC’s reading-aloud criterion—a parameter that sets the minimal level of phonemic activation required to pronounce
a letter string. We show that varying this parameter provides another means of controlling lexical contributions to reading
aloud. 相似文献
17.
18.
Johannes Persson 《Erkenntnis》2010,72(1):135-149
Accounts of ontic explanation have often been devised so as to provide an understanding of mechanism and of causation. Ontic
accounts differ quite radically in their ontologies, and one of the latest additions to this tradition proposed by Peter Machamer,
Lindley Darden and Carl Craver reintroduces the concept of activity. In this paper I ask whether this influential and activity-based
account of mechanisms is viable as an ontic account. I focus on polygenic scenarios—scenarios in which the causal truths depend
on more than one cause. The importance of polygenic causation was noticed early on by Mill (1893). It has since been shown to be a problem for both causal-law approaches to causation (Cartwright 1983) and accounts of causation cast in terms of capacities (Dupré 1993; Glennan 1997, pp. 605–626). However, whereas mechanistic accounts seem to be attractive precisely because they promise to handle complicated
causal scenarios, polygenic causation needs to be examined more thoroughly in the emerging literature on activity-based mechanisms.
The activity-based account proposed in Machamer et al. (2000, pp. 1–25) is problematic as an ontic account, I will argue. It seems necessary to ask, of any ontic account, how well it
performs in causal situations where—at the explanandum level of mechanism—no activity occurs. In addition, it should be asked how well the activity-based account performs in situations where there are
too few activities around to match the polygenic causal origin of the explanandum. The first situation presents an explanandum-problem
and the second situation presents an explanans-problem—I will argue—both of which threaten activity-based frameworks. 相似文献
19.
Corie J. Hammers 《Sexuality & culture》2008,12(3):151-168
Although the debate between feminism and queer is by now a fairly old and some might argue, trite and overwrought one, in
this paper I direct my attention to a specific feminist assessment of queer that I find to be especially unhelpful and pernicious:
the automatic linkage of queer with the exaltation of a gay male subjectivity. This article is informed by my own ethnographic
research on lesbian/queer public sexual cultures; specifically, two Canadian lesbian/queer bathhouses, where public sex and
sexual exploration are encouraged. I argue that this contention, that lesbians who espouse queer are aping (gay) male sexuality
and subjectivity—due to the privileging of non-normative sexual practices found within the gay male community—does two things:
(re)essentializes genders and sexualities, and, more importantly, robs non-gay male subjects (e.g., women, lesbians, butches,
trans identified individuals) of their own agency. In sum, I believe that this linkage to a supposed gay male imitation, and
concomitantly, viewing lesbian/queer sexual cultures, behaviors, configurations, and signifying sexual economies as mere derivatives of gay male culture, reinforces lesbian/queer invisibility and (re)centers the heterosexual matrix. For the sake of lesbian/queer
subjects’ own viability, lesbian/queer sexualities must thus be pulled out of this discursive trap. 相似文献
20.
We conducted an exploratory, qualitative study investigating experiences of women who had developed breast cancer under the age of 40 and who were identified as BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. These germline mutation carriers face an increased lifetime risk of a second primary breast cancer and an increased risk for a primary ovarian cancer. Thirteen women who fit this criteria participated in three focus groups conducted at a major cancer center in the UK during Spring 2003. We asked broad, open-ended questions that allowed for a wide range of responses about their cancer and genetic testing experiences, physical and psycho-social concerns, family and partner reactions and their need for social support. The women expressed feelings of devastation, loneliness, feeling different and isolation, ambivalence about having to support family members, worries about partner’s anxiety and depression, and anxiety about talking to family members, especially children. These feelings were stronger after the cancer diagnosis and compounded by the genetic test results that occurred at a later time. We also found that, at least temporarily, the women experienced what we call “social separation”—emotional distance from, or dissonance with groups they interact with or are part of, e.g., family and friends, frequently leading to a reduction in communication or a change in previously unstated, but accepted normal interaction. We concentrate on a few characteristics of social separation—feelings of aloneness, isolation and separation, use of silence and verbal discretion, the relationship between estrangement and kinship interaction and norm disruption, and are looking at social patterns of interpersonal relationships that may occur when risk and illness statuses are new and framing and feeling rules have not as yet been clearly developed due to a cultural lag. 相似文献