日本净土思想的源流及其法然上人的《选择集》

日本的净土信仰是随着汉译经典的传入而流传到日本的,在日本的古代和中世广为流行,十二世纪后期由法然上人创立了净土宗,从而使日本佛教走向平民,并完成了日本本土化的过程。净土思想的兴起以及法然净土宗的诞生,究其缘由无疑是来自于末法思想在当时时代的流行。法然提出了专修念佛的思想,并将《无量寿经》、《观无量寿经》、《阿弥陀经》视为净土宗所依据的根本经典,他所撰写的《选择本愿念佛集》是该宗派的思想理论的集大成之著作。     

作为一种理性选择的爱国情怀

爱国情怀是人们在公共生活中公开运用理性对生存处境进行分析和反思后所形成的价值判断和行为选择,体现了人之为人的理性精神。就国家而言,人们的共同生活和理性认同构成了国家存续的前提;就个人而言,国家的功能和目的满足了人们追求自由美好生活的理性诉求。正是个人与国家不可分割的密切关联,使得人们在理性的基础上产生了对于自己的祖国的热爱之情,爱国成为人们在公共生活中理性精神的集中体现。     

择偶复制:一种适应性的性选择策略

择偶复制是一种择偶策略.在阐明择偶复制概念及研究范式的基础上,以阐述择偶复制影响因素的形式,介绍了择偶复制的研究成果、发展脉络.例如,性别影响择偶复制:相对于男性,女性被试更容易产生择偶复制;身体吸引力、性策略、年龄及性经验等影响择偶复制.在此基础上,进一步指出择偶复制的一般化是导致择偶偏好群体内一致性和群体间差异性的原因之一.最后,点明择偶复制的性质:基于社会学习的、适应性的性选择策略.     

基于“值”选择模型及其理论基础探析

在概括介绍基于‘值’选择这一启发式决策模型的基础上,该文结合东西方文化中报的运作规范,诸如强制性与义务性、报大于所施以及人际交往的长期性和连续性等,同时融入社会交换理论、合作进化理论,对基于‘值’选择模型的理论基础进行分析。并在此基础上推断与基于价选择范式相比,个体遵从基于‘值’选择范式做决策将可能在未来获得更大收益。     

一种自上而下加工的注意选择新机制:视觉标记

视觉标记是国外新近提出的有关注意选择机制的一种假设。该假设认为,在任务目标预先设定的条件下视觉系统是通过抑制旧刺激所处的位置来实现对新刺激的优先选择。本文主要介绍了视觉标记研究的经典实验范式、视觉标记理论的行为实验依据和脑成像实验依据,还概述了三种质疑视觉标记理论的观点。最后对视觉标记的未来研究做了展望。     

基于人工神经网络的一种效度凭证求取方法

针对基于统计学的效度凭证求取方法所存在的问题,提出了基于人工神经网络的效度凭证求取方法。蒙特卡罗模拟实验和对实际数据的分析表明,当测验分数和效标分数为单变量且非线性关系时,或者测验分数和效标分数为多变量时,运用神经网络方法可以比统计学方法更好地求取心理测验效度的基于和其他变量关系的凭证。     

基于自我相似面孔的亲缘选择与配偶选择行为

根据广义适合度理论, 自我相似面孔与亲缘选择和配偶选择行为密切相关。自我相似面孔可以促进个体的亲缘利他行为, 影响配偶选择行为。来自“夫妻相”、“性印刻”的描述性研究数据支持自我相似面孔与配偶选择偏好之间的相关关系。来自实验研究的数据, 结论尚不统一。有些证实自我相似面孔可以引发配偶选择偏好, 有些却不支持这一结论。最近的研究从内隐及外显认知上分离择偶过程中对自我相似面孔的偏好：认为偏好是内隐的, 一旦上升到意识层面便会消失。另有研究从性选择策略上对自我相似面孔偏好的原因进行解读。对自我相似面孔偏好的神经机制的研究也有一些新的发现。未来研究可借助fMRI等工具从认知过程及神经机制上对自我相似面孔偏好的现象作进一步探讨。     

集体所有权的层次及其法律政策选择

集体和集体所有权是一个问题的两个方面,明确了集体的含义也就明确了集体所有权的含义。应当区分集体所有权在宪法、物权法与企业法上的不同含义。宪法意义上的集体所有权构成集体法律制度设计的强制性限制条件。物权法意义的集体所有权应当进行法人所有权的法律构成。集体土地可以通过多种多样的用益物权实现民事主体的独立性和民事权利的有效流转。企业法意义的集体所有权则应当给当事人的意思自治留下充分的空间。     

女性食物选择的演化视角：基于性选择过程的理论探讨

性选择在人类心理、行为等表型的演化过程中扮演了重要角色,但其对女性食物选择的影响却相对较少被关注。性选择塑造了男女不同的择偶策略,男性择偶时对女性外在吸引力的关注使得女性更加重视身材等外在吸引力信息。而女性身材与饮食的密切联系,进一步提示性选择过程应该会对女性的食物选择产生影响。以之为基础,梳理求偶动机激活可能引发的女性食物选择的变化,以及女性生理期不同阶段在食物选择上的变异,有助于了解性选择过程对女性食物选择的影响。未来研究中,进一步从行为、激素、脑等不同层面剖析对应影响及涉及机制,对该领域的长远发展有重要意义。     

一部假信访法及其法权想象

随着中国法治的进步,基于法治对秩序的追求不仅仅是一个宏大的理想,亦是中国数十年来的实践。由于以政治立基的信访制度被默认为应当承载更多的公平、正义理念,强化与完善信访职能、尤其是信访法治化的主张便不断释放出来,并常常表现为信访之内在政治伦理与外在法治要求之间的对立与冲突。本文对一部流传于民间的山寨版\"信访法\"及其负载的信息进行了深度解读,以为思考信访及其法治化诸命题提供纵贯视野,更为理解当前复杂的信访困局、尤其是形成新的信访治理思路提供解释和启发。这不但是对时下热议中的\"信访立法\"的一种回应,更是对在既有政治框架下如何藉信访制度整理与安顿民意的一种忧思。     

Forced migration and resettlement: Its impact on families and individuals

An increasing number of families are forced to migrate as a result of political turmoil, civil wars, and ethnic cleansing. This paper describes the impact of forced migration on individuals and their families. We suggest that forced migrants reject the new culture while their children are likely to embrace it. This discrepancy between the old values of the migrants and the values to the new culture espoused by their children is a frequent source of intrafamilial tension. We also describe a second acculturation process that takes place when forced migrants return to their country of origin. Families who migrate back to the country of origin realize, often to their surprise, that both they and their country of origin have changed significantly.     

网络心理测验法述评

随着网络的不断发展,通过网络进行心理测验的频率也迅速增加。本文分析丁这种新的测验方法的优点,如更容易获得样本、操作更灵活准确、成本更低廉以及能提供更优质的测评服务等。同时也指出网络测验法在信度、效度、管理、项目安全以及对被试保密等方面有其局限性。心理学工作者应该创造性地思考怎样利用网络来促进心理测验的发展。     

Attitudes to Genetic Testing for Deafness: The Importance of Informed Choice

With recent progress in the identification of genes for deafness, it is highly likely that genetic testing, including pre-natal testing, for deafness will become more widely available. In a context where there are concerns about pre-natal testing, and where many in the Deaf community contest the understanding of deafness as a disability, it is important to examine the attitudes of Deaf/deaf people toward genetic testing. This qualitative study employed in-depth interviews to investigate the views about genetic testing for deafness of 19 participants, who were identified as functionally deaf or hearing impaired, or as belonging to the Deaf community. The key findings are that participants were generally supportive of genetic testing for deafness but only when full information about all relevant aspects of deafness is given to prospective users of genetics services. Participants emphasized informed choice, stating that information about medical and technological options for deaf people should be provided, together with information about communication, education, and the experience of being deaf. Although there was less support for pre-natal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy for deafness, most participants nonetheless felt that individual choice was important and that pre-natal diagnosis should be made available to those who wanted to use it.     

基于性能反馈的PSO算法速度上限调整策略

速度上限是影响微粒群算法性能的一个主要参数。针对现有调节策略存在参数统一设置、与微粒性能无关等缺点,本文提出一种基于性能反馈的调整策略,使得速度上限能随着个体性能的改变而动态调整,从而更加真实有效的模拟了鸟类觅食的群体行为特征。仿真结果表明该算法能较好地提高微粒群算法的计算效率。     

适宜技术选择中的利益冲突及其化解途径

适宜技术的选择要考虑简、便、廉、验,要从大多数患者的需求出发,要始终定位在医患等利益关系的结合点上,它是一种动态发展的技术或技术体系。然而,正是基于各种利益的结合点,在实际选择适宜技术中常常因为利益冲突的多主体性而变得复杂多样,并衍生出各种各样的利益冲突。分析利益冲突的产生根源对于寻求利益冲突的化解途径具有重要意义,同时也为各种途径提供了理论支持。     

意识与无意识加法运算过程的分离──考察加工水平与外周预提示的作用

使用Ｊａｃｏｂｙ的过程分离程序,定量地估计了意识与无意识加法运算过程对后来迫选作业的贡献。结果表明：１．即使是在排除测验中,被试有时也要显著超过基线地选择靶数字,这一结果无疑为无意识加法运算过程的存在提供了有力的证据;２．加工水平和外周预提示影响对Ｃ值的估计,但并不影响对Ｕ值的估计。这证明加工水平与外周预提示均是分离意识与无意识加法运算过程的重要因素。     

一种基于Rasch模型的Angoff方法及其应用

水平厘定方法在近二十年来发展迅速,其中Angoff方法的应用最为广泛。该文在已有的方法上提出了一种基于Rasch模型的改进的Angoff方法,该方法使用Rasch模型来估计典型学生的位置,通过均方残差等方法剔除不一致的裁判。文章最后详细阐述了该方法在香港全港性系统评估中的应用。     

Policy Recommendations for Carrier Testing and Predictive Testing in Childhood: A Distinction That Makes a Real Difference

The genetic testing of children raises many ethical concerns. This paper examines how five position statements from Canada, UK and USA, which present guidelines for good practice in this area produce different recommendations for carrier testing and predictive testing. We find that the genetic information generated through carrier testing is routinely presented as less serious than that generated from predictive testing. Additionally, the reproductive implications of predictive testing are also routinely erased. Consequently, the papers argue strongly against predictive testing but advise caution against carrier testing in somewhat weaker terms. We argue that these differences rest on assumptions about the status of reproduction in people’s lives and on an ethical stance that foregrounds the self over others. We propose that questioning the crude and sharp distinction between carrier and predictive testing in principle may enable practitioners and parents/families to make more nuanced decisions in practice. Parts of this work have been presented in the 1st International CESAGen Conference, London, 2004, and Genetics and Society Meetings, Wales.     

A Review and Taxonomy of Choice Architecture Techniques

We present a taxonomy of choice architecture techniques that focus on intervention design, as opposed to the underlying cognitive processes that make an intervention work. We argue that this distinction will facilitate further empirical testing and will assist practitioners in designing interventions. The framework is inductively derived from empirically tested examples of choice architecture and consists of nine techniques targeting decision information, decision structure, and decision assistance. An inter‐rater reliability test demonstrates that these techniques can be used in an intersubjectively replicable way to describe sample choice architectures. We conclude by discussing limitations of the framework and key issues concerning the use of the techniques in the development of new choice architectures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Choice vs. Preference: The Effects of Choice and No Choice of Preferred and Non Preferred Spelling Tasks on the Academic Behavior of Students with Disabilities

The effects of choice and no choice of preferred and non preferred instructional activities on the academic behavior of 3 students with disabilities were investigated. Participant preferences for spelling tasks were assessed and an ABCDEF design was used to examine choice and preference within 6 experimental conditions: a) choice of preferred tasks, b) choice of non preferred tasks, c) no choice of preferred tasks, d) no choice of non preferred tasks, e) no choice of preferred tasks (yoked-control), and f) no choice of non preferred tasks (yoked-control). Results indicate that all 3 participants had higher levels of task engagement when working with preferred tasks, regardless of a choice or no choice format. The findings from this investigation contribute to the growing body of research that focuses on developing interventions that are responsive to individual student preferences.