张载《正蒙》“象”概念精析及其工夫论意义

张载《正蒙》"象"概念介于实然的"器"与抽象的"道"之间,在文本中呈现出四个不同层次的含义。包括气化中的有形之象、无形之象、太虚之象和神之"象",后三者在《正蒙》的哲学体系中都可以视作广义的"形而上",而其区别在于:气化中的有形之象,可以用耳目感官见闻;"健顺动止、寂然、湛然"等无形之象须在一个整体情境中,以灵明体认觉察;太虚之象必须借助理性推溯或者哲性思维才能显现;而神之"象"则只能以间接的方式,在"存"的工夫中予以呈现。张载使用"幽明之际"的比喻,界定出"象"在认识和德性工夫中的意义,以"存象"为起点,"通乎昼夜之道",勾勒出一个从"见象""大心"到"存神知化"的德性实践路径。     

张载“易之四象”说探讨

作为宋明易学哲学的代表人物之一,张载论"易之四象",既承继前人,又有自己的创新,这尤为表现在他提出的第三种"四象"说上。张载的"象"范畴承担了沟通形而上下的使命,他并将"四象"说纳入到气象理一体的气本论哲学体系之中,重点贯彻了本体与变化相关联而突出变化通达的理论特色。     

张载易学＂化＂论缕析北大核心CSSCISSCI

"神化"是张载易学哲学体系中的一对核心概念,与"神"相联系,"化"在张载的话语中,既指天道,又属人事,即以"化"为气化的涵义,同时"化"也是人生修养,道德进阶的一个环节和一种境界。这是张载对《易传》"穷神知化"、《中庸》"至诚能化"及《孟子》"大而化之"等思想的融汇和改造。     

论张载气学的特点及其人文关怀

张载认为,太虚至善,太虚是"至虚之实",太虚之"实",本质上是气。"神"是太虚内在的条理、规律。太虚本体是气与神的合一。阴阳之气创造了物质世界,太虚则论证阴阳之气创造物质世界何以可能。太虚也是一德性本体、价值本体。张载论证太虚至善,指向两大现实人文关怀:首先,由太虚至善推导出"天地之性"存在正当性。孟子思想对张载人性论有所影响,张载"君子有弗性",源自孟子的"君子所性"。其次,仁是"事"之本体,人世间的制度与伦理,都必须以仁为体,才能获得存在的正当性。仁实际上成为人类文化与制度文明背后隐伏的道德基础、价值依托和人文精神。仁义精神的张扬,实质上是人作为主体性存在的挺立。本体主体化,儒家为天下立法,是张载德性本体论的内在旨趣与"本来面目"。     

中医心象思维的路径探赜

中医心象思维不仅是心理本身的活动,更多是指由体象反映到心理活动的体验、体察与体悟过程。它表征着医家通过对人体之象的图像显现进行身入与心入合一的信息加工,内涵着情境生成的推理、想象等思维活动,以及直觉顿悟、理性判断等思维方法。中医心象思维以取象而明象或悟象为路径,能够整合医家的身心参与来全面把握病人形神一体的存在状态,是由具象、现象上升为意象之境的思维进程;这一思维进程见证了中医学在认识人体生命现象和解决医疗实践问题之时,形成了一种不同于现代科学的"心观"体证的特有的、开创性的心象思维方式,它有别于西医主要以"目察"实物进行实验性的诊疗思维模式。     

张载两层结构的宇宙论哲学探微

在宋明理学研究中,张载(字子厚,学者称横渠先生,1020～1077年)关学的难度最大①,而其宇宙论哲学的难度尤大,产生的歧义令人相当困扰.我们可以把张载宇宙论哲学存在的问题聚焦为:张载所谓"太虚"概念的涵义、意义和实质是什么?如何从"太虚"与"气"的地位、状态和作用等方面说明二者之间的关系?"太虚"与"气"是同质的还是异质的?这些问题,关系到对张载宇宙论哲学特质乃至其哲学基本性质的理解.作为解决这些跨世纪难题的尝试,本文拟分以下三部分进行探讨:搭建两层结构的宇宙论哲学诠释框架,"太虚无形,气之本体"的宇宙本体论,"太虚即气"的宇宙生成论.文中不当和不足之处,尚祈学界同仁批评指正.     

张载对“形而上”的辨析及其天道本体的确立

宋明理学与汉唐儒学的一个基本区别就在于是否拥有形上视角,因而,能否从形上角度重塑儒家的天道本体,便成为宋明理学超越于汉唐儒学的标志。在代表开创理学的"北宋五子"中,张载直面佛教的理论冲击,并在吸取佛教形上智慧的基础上,对天道本体展开了多重探索。在张载对"形而上"的辨析中,"形而上者,得辞斯得象"与"得意斯得名,得名斯得象",代表了他对天道本体及其形成进路的思考,并由此甄别"太虚"与"太极",最后以"太和"代表二者超越的统一;继而通过"其性"与"其形"的比较,将"太虚"与"太极"的统一拓展为一种本体宇宙论,这就成为二程"天理论"、程朱理气关系及其"理一分殊"说的根源。而由张载提出的"诚明两进",又为程朱理学与陆王心学两种不同的为学进路开辟了道路。     

论张载哲学的理趣与架构

由于概念的流动性和理解的差异性,学界对张载哲学的诠释与评价至今充满争议。这些争议既涉及中国传统哲学的特质问题,也有诠释方法的问题。对中国传统哲学的理解与诠释,一如庖丁解牛,当依乎天理,因其固然。张载哲学,其结构之"理一"不外"意-象-言",其结构之"分殊"则为"太虚-太和-万物"。"一物两体"是其理论构架,"横渠四为"是其精神旨趣,二者共同勾画出了其独特的精神面貌。以《易》为宗、仁体礼用、内圣外王,彰显了其生生之德的大人境界。张载以其哲学结构之恢宏、理论内涵之丰富深刻,而为宋明理学之奠基性人物。     

性两元一元与二性一性——从张岱年先生关于张载性论的分析说起北大核心CSSCISSCI

从张岱年先生关于张载天地之性与气质之性的性两元论分析入手,说明张载的性两元论主要是就事实存在而言,在价值评价的角度,张载根本否定气质之性的意义,而天地之性为善亦取决于变化气质而善反的工夫。人由二性(善恶混)而走向一性(善性),是在德与气交相胜的过程中实现的,说到底只是一性的互为胜负。"一于气"的性之两元也可以在一气一性的意义上予以理解。     

张载理观探微——兼论朱熹理气观与张载虚气观的关系问题

对于宋儒的理观研究,国内学术界历来关注的对象是北宋以理标宗的二程,以及南宋的朱熹。至20世纪80年代初期,丁伟志发表《张载理气观析疑》,引起了广泛的关注,尤其是陈来所撰《关于张载的气观和理观》一文对丁伟志做出了回应,推进了对张载理气观的研究。从总体上看,国内学术界对该课题的研究有两个倾向,一是认为张载重气不重理,此易造成对张载理观研究的轻忽;二是对张载之理的定位不准确,认为理是张载哲学体系的最高范畴。张载有关理气关系的言论甚少,理气关系直到朱熹那里才成为一个成熟的思考框架,故本文把焦点聚集于张载的理观部分。本文…     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.