农民工收入与主观幸福感的关系：社会支持和人格的作用

采用整群抽样方法对选自长沙市的452名农民工进行问卷调查,考察社会支持、人格在农民工收入与主观幸福感关系中的作用。结果表明：农民工收入对其主观幸福感有显著的正向预测性;在农民工收入与其主观幸福感的关系中,社会支持起部分中介作用,神经质和宜人性有缓冲作用,外倾性有增强作用;社会支持的中介作用受到宜人性的调节。     

主观幸福感的结构及其与人格特质的关系

以239名大学生为被试,考察了主观幸福感(SWB)的结构及其与人格特质的关系。分析表明,SWB由生活满意度、积极情感和消极情感三个相关的维度构成,而且它们可以共同负荷于一个高阶因子。外倾和神经质是SWB的重要预测指标,积极情感的主要预测指标是外倾,神经质则是消极情感最有力的预测指标,而外倾和神经质对消极情感和生活满意度有相同的预测力。情感平衡是外倾和神经质影响生活满意度的中介变量。     

父母自尊与青少年主观幸福感间的关系:亲子信任与青少年自尊的链式中介作用

为了探讨父母自尊和青少年主观幸福感间的关系及其内在机制,本研究采用罗森伯格自尊量表、积极/消极情感量表、生活满意度量表和亲子信任关系量表,针对233对高中生及其父母进行调查。研究结果发现:(1)父母自尊与青少年主观幸福感显著正相关;(2)亲子信任在父母自尊与青少年主观幸福感之间起中介作用;(3)青少年自尊在父母自尊与青少年主观幸福感之间起中介作用;(4)亲子信任和青少年自尊在父母自尊与青少年主观幸福感之间起链式中介作用。该结果对于揭示影响青少年主观幸福感的因素,寻找到提升青少年主观幸福感的路径具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

青少年物质主义与幸福感的关系：感恩的中介作用

采用物质主义量表、感恩问卷、主观幸福感量表、心理幸福感量表和身体症状问卷对701名中学生进行调查,考察了青少年物质主义与其幸福感的关系,以及感恩在其中的中介作用。结果发现：（1）青少年物质主义与其负性情感显著正相关,与正性情感、生活满意度、心理幸福感和身体健康显著负相关;（2）感恩在青少年物质主义与其生活满意度、负性情感、心理幸福感和身体健康关系之间起着部分中介作用,在青少年物质主义与其正性情感关系之间起着完全中介作用。     

群体认同与听障青少年主观幸福感的关系：听障朋友支持的中介作用

采用内群体认同问卷、主观幸福感问卷和听障朋友支持问卷对366名特殊教育学校的听障青少年(10～12年级)进行问卷调查,探讨听障青少年群体认同中的不同维度(满意度、团结性和中心性)与主观幸福感的关系,以及听障朋友支持在其中的中介作用。结果发现：(1)群体认同的满意度、团结性、中心性与主观幸福感、听障朋友支持两两之间呈显著正相关;(2)听障朋友支持仅在群体满意度与主观幸福感间起部分中介作用。     

人格特质与主观幸福感:情绪调节的中介作用

通过对1163名大学生被试进行人格特质、情绪调节策略的使用以及主观幸福感的测查,本研究探讨了气质性人格特质(神经质和外倾性)这种稳定的内在心理结构对主观幸福感产生影响的可能机制。结果发现:(1)除直接影响个体的主观幸福感外,神经质和外倾性还会通过重新评价策略的使用间接影响主观幸福感;(2)人格特质和重新评价策略的使用可以有效预测个体主观幸福感的变异;(3)习惯性地使用表达抑制策略对个体的主观幸福感并没有显著的影响。这些结果表明重新评价策略的使用在人格特质对主观幸福感的影响中具有重要的中介作用。该发现对进一步制定改善和提高个体的主观幸福感的干预措施具有重要的启示和指导意义。     

青少年学校幸福感量表的编制

本研究提出了青少年学校幸福感的概念并进行了理论构建,以此为基础自行编制了青少年学校幸福感量表。对中学生进行问卷调查的结果进行了探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,研究结果如下:(1)在中国青少年学生学校生活背景下,学校幸福感由学校满意度、在校积极情感和在校消极情感三种成分组成;(2)学校满意度是一个由成就感、学校管理、师生关系、同学关系、教学和课业学习组成的六维结构,在校积极和消极情感均为单维结构;(3)本研究所编制的青少年学校幸福感量表(Adolescents’ School Well-Being Scale)具有较好的信度与效度,可供同类研究使用。     

父母情感温暖对儿童青少年学校投入的影响:有调节的中介模型

研究探索了青少年自我管理能力在父母情感温暖与学校投入之间的中介作用,以及学校氛围对上述中介效应的调节作用。采用父母情感温暖量表、青少年自我管理量表、学校氛围量表和学校投入量表对1033名中小学生进行测查。结果表明:(1)父母情感温暖可以正向预测学校投入;(2)自我管理在其中起中介作用,即父母情感温暖可以通过自我管理间接影响学校投入;(3)父母情感温暖影响学校投入的有调节的中介模型成立,其中学校氛围在前半段和后半段路径中均起调节作用,但作用有所不同。     

青少年学生大五人格与主观幸福感的关系研究

通过对379名初中、高中和大学生样本的测查,考察了青少年学生大五人格维度与主观幸福感的关系。结果表明,外倾性是正性情感和生活满意度稳定有力的预测指标、神经质是负性情感稳定有力的预测指标,严谨性与生活满意度具有明显正相关,这三个维度与主观幸福感各维度的关系与国外已有的结论一致;开放性、宜人性与主观幸福感各维度的关系并没有验证Costa和McCrae(1982,1991)的结论。     

青少年人格、人口学变量与主观幸福感的关系模型

采用分层随机抽样的方法,抽取了379名中学生和大学生样本,在多元相关分析的基础上,结合文献分析,采用结构方程建模技术,探讨了我国青少年学生人口学变量、人格维度和主观幸福感(SWB)的结构关系。结果表明,人口学变量中的年级和经济状况变量既与SWB有直接的关系,又通过大五人格中的神经质维度或外倾性维度对SWB有间接的效应,其中,经济状况对主观幸福感的正面效应较大,而性别和城乡变量则仅通过神经质和外倾性对SWB有微弱的间接效应;大五人格维度中,宜人性与SWB没有显著关系,开放性和严谨性通过神经质或外倾性与SWB存在间接效应,神经质和外倾性则对SWB有较强的直接预测力;结构方程模型验证了人格、人口学变量与SWB的这种关系。     

自尊在人格特质、社会支持与主观幸福感关系间的中介效应

以527名大学生为被试,采用问卷调查法探讨了自尊在人格特质、社会支持与主观幸福感关系间的中介效应。结果发现：（1）自尊在人格特质、社会支持预测主观幸福感的情感体验维度时具有中介效应,而在其预测主观幸福感的生活满意度时无中介效应;（2）自尊在社会支持与情感维度关系间的中介效应相对高于在人格特质与情感维度关系间的中介效应。     

Culture, personality, and subjective well-being: integrating process models of life satisfaction

The authors examined the interplay of personality and cultural factors in the prediction of the affective (hedonic balance) and the cognitive (life satisfaction) components of subjective well-being (SWB). They predicted that the influence of personality on life satisfaction is mediated by hedonic balance and that the relation between hedonic balance and life satisfaction is moderated by culture. As a consequence, they predicted that the influence of personality on life satisfaction is also moderated by culture. Participants from 2 individualistic cultures (United States, Germany) and 3 collectivistic cultures (Japan, Mexico, Ghana) completed measures of Extraversion, Neuroticism, hedonic balance, and life satisfaction. As predicted, Extraversion and Neuroticism influenced hedonic balance to the same degree in all cultures, and hedonic balance was a stronger predictor of life satisfaction in individualistic than in collectivistic cultures. The influence of Extraversion and Neuroticism on life satisfaction was largely mediated by hedonic balance. The results suggest that the influence of personality on the emotional component of SWB is pancultural, whereas the influence of personality on the cognitive component of SWB is moderated by culture.     

The Interplay Among Levels of Personality: The Mediator Effect of Personal Projects Between the Big Five and Subjective Well-Being

Comprehensive models of personality aspire to integrate the several aspects related to the study of personality in a coherent whole. One of the great research challenges in this field is to understand if and how different levels of personality analysis interrelate to promote human well-being. The aim of the present study is to explore the mediator effect of personal projects’ efficacy on the relationship between Big Five and subjective well-being (SWB) components. We conducted a cross-sectional study in which a battery of self-report questionnaires was used to assess personality and SWB in 396 teachers. Path analysis results indicated that personal projects’ efficacy fully mediated the effects of openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness on life satisfaction and on negative affect. The effects of neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness on positive affect were direct but also indirect, partially mediated by personal projects’ efficacy. Neuroticism had a direct and an indirect effect through a decreased personal projects’ efficacy on the three components of SWB. Extraversion only directly predicted increased positive affect. These findings corroborate the conceptualization that these two types of personality analysis units (Big Five and personal projects) have their own direct, unique and irreducible effect on life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect. However, their impact on SWB components seems to be also explained through their effect upon personal projects’ efficacy.     

Positive Feelings at School: On the Relationships Between Students’ Character Strengths,School-Related Affect,and School Functioning

The present study was designed to examine the relationships between students’ character strengths, school-related affect, positive school functioning (i.e., motivation to learn, interest, and engagement at class), and school achievement following the “engine model of well-being” that is focusing on inputs (e.g., personality traits), processes (e.g., moods, emotions), and outcomes (e.g., engagement, accomplishments) within the context of well-being research. A sample of 196 children completed the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth, which assesses 24 character strengths, and the PANAS-C that assesses school-related positive and negative affect. Additionally, homeroom teachers rated students’ positive school functioning (i.e., motivation, engagement, and interest at school) and their overall school achievement. The character strengths of zest, love of learning, perseverance, and social intelligence showed the strongest positive correlations with school-related positive affect. Teamwork, hope, self-regulation, and love were substantially negatively correlated with school-related negative affect. Certain character strengths showed positive relationships with positive school functioning and overall school achievement. A path model, testing the “engine model of well-being”, found—additionally to direct effects—indirect relationships between character strengths and positive school functioning (through school-related positive affect), which in turn leads to higher school achievement. The presented findings show character strengths as meaningful resources in the schooling context. Character strengths emerge to be crucial for students to experience school-related positive affect, which in turn supports students’ positive school functioning and their overall school achievement. The results demonstrate the complex interplay between students’ personality traits, affect, school functioning, and achievement at school.     

Big Five Personality Traits and Self-Esteem as Predictors of Life Satisfaction in Iranian Muslim University Students

This study presents the first examination of the relation between the Big Five personality traits, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in Iran, which is an understudied country in the well-being literature. Participants were 235 university students at the University of Tehran, all reporting their religious affiliation as Muslim. Findings revealed that the Big Five personality traits explained about 25% of the variance in life satisfaction scores. Among the Big Five traits, extraversion and neuroticism were found to be the strongest predictors of life satisfaction. In addition, it was found that self-esteem significantly predicted life satisfaction over and above the Big Five personality traits. Findings also showed that self-esteem completely mediated the influence of conscientiousness and agreeableness on life satisfaction, while the influence of extraversion and neuroticism on life satisfaction was partially mediated by self-esteem. Furthermore, findings revealed that female students scored significantly higher than male students on life satisfaction. Sex also could moderate the relation between conscientiousness and life satisfaction. This relation was found to be significantly stronger for female students. Implications of the results are discussed with reference to prior studies on the relation between personality traits and different aspects of well-being in Iran.     

儿童拒绝敏感性与自我知觉的关系:一项交叉滞后研究

采用儿童拒绝敏感性问卷与儿童自我知觉量表对596名中小学儿童进行了为期一年的追踪调查,通过交叉滞后回归分析考察儿童拒绝敏感性与多种自我知觉间的预测关系。结果发现：（1）自我知觉的年级差异显著,初中儿童的自我知觉水平较低;（2）在两次测量中,拒绝敏感性与多种自我知觉均呈显著的负相关;（3）控制性别、年级以及自身稳定性之后,第一年的多种自我知觉均可以负向预测第二年的拒绝敏感性,而第一年的拒绝敏感性仅可以负向预测第二年的体貌及一般自我知觉;（4）年级调节了拒绝敏感性与一般和行为自我知觉间的纵向关系,并在小学与初中儿童中表现出不同的模式。研究证实自我知觉是儿童拒绝敏感性形成的重要原因之一,为儿童社会认知及心理健康的相关研究提供新的实证依据。     

儿童拒绝敏感性与自我知觉的关系:一项交叉滞后研究

采用儿童拒绝敏感性问卷与儿童自我知觉量表对596名中小学儿童进行了为期一年的追踪调查,通过交叉滞后回归分析考察儿童拒绝敏感性与多种自我知觉间的预测关系。结果发现：（1）自我知觉的年级差异显著,初中儿童的自我知觉水平较低;（2）在两次测量中,拒绝敏感性与多种自我知觉均呈显著的负相关;（3）控制性别、年级以及自身稳定性之后,第一年的多种自我知觉均可以负向预测第二年的拒绝敏感性,而第一年的拒绝敏感性仅可以负向预测第二年的体貌及一般自我知觉;（4）年级调节了拒绝敏感性与一般和行为自我知觉间的纵向关系,并在小学与初中儿童中表现出不同的模式。研究证实自我知觉是儿童拒绝敏感性形成的重要原因之一,为儿童社会认知及心理健康的相关研究提供新的实证依据。     

Life events and personality predicting loneliness among centenarians: findings from the Georgia Centenarian Study

Regarding the purpose of this study, the researchers analyzed the roles that both life events (life-time positive events and life-time negative events) and personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Trust, Competence, and Ideas) played in participants of the Georgia Centenarian Study. The researchers analyzed these variables to determine whether they predicted loneliness. Analyses indicated that life-time negative events significantly predicted loneliness. In essence, the higher was the number of life-time negative life events, the higher was the loneliness score. Moreover, Neuroticism, Competence, and Ideas were all significant predictors of loneliness. The higher was the level of Neuroticism and intellectual curiosity, the higher was the level of loneliness, whereas the lower was the level of Competence, the higher was the level of loneliness. In addition, both life-time positive and life-time negative life events were significant predictors of Neuroticism. The higher was the number of life-time positive events, the lower was the level of Neuroticism, and the higher was the number of life-time negative events, the greater was the level of Neuroticism. These results indicated that life-time negative events indirectly affect loneliness via Neuroticism. Last, our results indicated that the Competence facet mediated the relationship between lifetime negative life events and loneliness. Life-time negative life events significantly affected centenarians' perceived competence, and Competence in turn significantly affected the centenarians' loneliness. These results as a whole not only add to our understanding of the link between personality and loneliness, but also provide new insight into how life events predict loneliness.     

神经质人格与MMORPG游戏成瘾的关系:链式中介效应分析

采用方便抽样法,通过问卷测量了山西省太原市某高校268名大学生,探讨神经质人格与MMORPG游戏成瘾的关系,同时考察叙事传输和化身认同在其中的中介作用。结果发现：（1）神经质人格可以显著预测叙事传输和MMORPG游戏成瘾。（2）叙事传输在神经质人格与MMORPG游戏成瘾之间起部分中介作用。（3）叙事传输和化身认同在神经质人格与MMORPG游戏成瘾之间起链式中介作用。研究结果表明高神经质人群的确存在较高的网络游戏成瘾风险,且叙事传输和化身认同在其中起重要作用。     

Crystallization of desire and crystallization of discontent in narratives of life-changing decisions

Two studies of adults examined personal narratives of life-changing decisions in relation to personality and well-being. Participants whose decision narratives emphasized a crystallization of desire (i.e., approaching a desired future) rather than a crystallization of discontent (i.e., escaping an undesired past; Baumeister, 1991, 1994) reported higher well-being, fewer avoidance strivings, lower Neuroticism (in Study 1 only), and better decision outcomes (in Study 2). However, neither strivings, traits, nor outcomes accounted for the relationship between crystallization of desire and well-being. The discussion considers the roles of life-changing decisions and personal narratives in research on personality, well-being, and positive personal development.