文化与人格关系研究综述

文化影响人格发展。在影响人格的因素中,普遍性因素与文化特殊性因素共存。文化的维度,有复杂性、紧密性、个体主义和集体主义等。许多文献提到在不同的文化中均出现大五人格。然而我们仍然需要谨慎,因为对普遍性的大多数研究并不包括文化特殊性的特质,也不研究那些与西方文化范例有绝对差异的样本。     

从“人格三因素论”看中国传统文化与人格

对文化的研究可以有多种角度,其中文化与人格的关系,是一个重要的角度。如何看待中国传统文化对中国人人格的影响?这是个庞大而复杂的问题,本文试以“人格三因素论”为参考构架,对这个问题作一点初步考察。一理想人格设计是关于中国传统文化之争的一个焦点文化有多种定义,笔者采用这样一种说法,即把文化分为“狭义的文化”与“广义的文化”。与此相应,文化与人格的关系也可以分两个层次来考察。所谓“狭义的文化”一般是     

我国当代优秀与一般女中学生人格特征的比较研究

本研究对我国东部、中部和西部的600名优秀女中学生和400名一般女中学生进行了人格特征问卷调查。凋查结果表明：(1)人格特征是影响女中学生成长的重要因素。(2)初中是人格发展的迅速时期。(3)优秀和一般女中学生人格特征的发展对居住区域体现出明显的依赖性,随居住条件的改善其人格发展越好。(4)父母的文化程度对优秀女中学生人格发展的影响比对一般女中学生的影响更为显著。针对上述结果．本研究提出了进一步完善优秀女中学生人格特征及发展一般女中学生优良人格特征的种种培养建议。     

文化与人格研究综述

文化影响人格发展。笔者以文化与人格的研究为起点,详细评述了文化与人格的研究历程,着重介绍了文化决定论、文化与人格相互作用论;探讨了文化与人格的相互作用途径,为深入理解文化与人格的关系奠定了基础。     

中国澳大利亚4～5岁幼儿人格特征的跨文化研究

该研究的目的是考察不同文化特质对幼儿人格形成的影响。使用幼儿人格发展教师评定问卷,以集体主义/个人主义理论范式对中澳4~5岁幼儿人格特征形成进行跨文化研究。结果表明中国幼儿具有集体主义人格倾向,澳大利亚幼儿具有个人主义人格倾向,幼儿人格形成受到文化特质的影响。     

中国儿童青少年人格发展与培养研究三十年

儿童青少年人格发展与培养是新世纪全面推进素质教育的一个关键性问题。自1981年以来,我们将理论研究、实证研究和经验总结有机结合,在全面系统地评述儿童人格发展理论的基础上,采用综合研究方法对我国儿童青少年人格进行全方位系统研究,基本构建出我国儿童青少年,特别是儿童人格发展与教育的基本框架。本文将具体阐述我们三十多年来对于儿童青少年人格发展研究的成果,系统地阐述儿童青少年人格及重要特质的结构,发展的一般特点,影响儿童青少年人格发展的因素,以及培养儿童健全人格发展的有效模式,并对未来的研究提出建议。     

人类为什么会好奇?人际好奇的概念、功能及理论解释

人际好奇是个体对他人的信息产生的好奇,其中包括对他人的生活经历、生活习惯和细节,以及想法、感受、动机产生的好奇。人际好奇受到个体性别、年龄、个体状态、人格和文化价值观等因素的影响,而且人际好奇在人际关系的建立与维持、人格判断、文化学习和维护社会规范等方面有积极影响。人际好奇可以用本能论、信息缺口理论、兴趣?剥夺理论和社会比较理论加以解释。目前对人际好奇研究较少,未来需从毕生发展的角度探索人际好奇,研究网络中的人际好奇现象,进一步完善人际好奇的测量方式,加强基础研究和实证研究,考虑文化因素的影响等。     

关于听觉障碍儿童人格的一项研究

用缺陷儿童人格诊断量表和内田-克雷佩林心理测验对213名听觉障碍儿童进行测查,揭示了听觉障碍儿童人格发展的一些基本状况,以及影响他们人格发展的一些因素,研究表明,听力损失程度、父母是否听觉障碍、以及家庭（城乡）环境等因素对听觉障碍儿童的人格发展有显著的影响。     

五因素取向人格测验的发展与比较

五因素取向人格测验是目前评价个体人格特质时被广泛应用的一大类重要人格测验工具。该类测验数量众多, 长度各异, 形式多样。根据其题目呈现的特点, 可将现有的30余种五因素取向人格测验分为自陈式、核检表式、非言语式三类。在不同研究和实践情境下, 各个五因素取向人格测验具有各自独特的优劣势, 信效度的变化都不同。在实际应用中, 应根据不同研究需求区别使用, 并注意测量目的、施测次数、测验长度、被试特点、文化差异性等对测验结果的影响。当前, 五因素取向人格测验的开发正向着简明、全面、跨文化方向发展。     

师范生人格调查与人格培养研究

职业定向是否对人格产生影响 ?职业性质与职业人格的相关因素有多大 ,这是长期来在专业教育中倍受关注的一个问题。“教师是以人格塑造人格”的职业 ,健康、成熟的人格不仅是师范生全面良好素质的重要组成部分 ,而且也是“从教”的核心素质 ,对其将来从事的教育工作有着特殊的意义。有关研究表明 ,教师职业对 16项人格因素有着相应的要求 ,即A、B、C、G、Q2 、Q3 六项因素较高 ;I、L、M、N、O、Q4六项因素较低 ;E、F、H、Q1四项因素适中。为了研究师范生人格的成因和发展 ,探讨有效的人格教育策略 ,本文特针对师范生的人格特征进行调…     

文化模式及其对心理与行为的影响

文化可分为集体主义文化和个体主义文化两种模式。集体主义文化培育出集体中心的人格倾向,个体主义文化培育出个体中心的人格倾向。这两种人格倾向具有不同的自我概念,并进而对认知、学习、情绪和动机等产生影响。由此得出的结论是：心理学的研究成果具有文化的局限性,没有所谓的“放之四海而皆准”的心理和行为定律。     

Culture, personality, and subjective well-being: integrating process models of life satisfaction

The authors examined the interplay of personality and cultural factors in the prediction of the affective (hedonic balance) and the cognitive (life satisfaction) components of subjective well-being (SWB). They predicted that the influence of personality on life satisfaction is mediated by hedonic balance and that the relation between hedonic balance and life satisfaction is moderated by culture. As a consequence, they predicted that the influence of personality on life satisfaction is also moderated by culture. Participants from 2 individualistic cultures (United States, Germany) and 3 collectivistic cultures (Japan, Mexico, Ghana) completed measures of Extraversion, Neuroticism, hedonic balance, and life satisfaction. As predicted, Extraversion and Neuroticism influenced hedonic balance to the same degree in all cultures, and hedonic balance was a stronger predictor of life satisfaction in individualistic than in collectivistic cultures. The influence of Extraversion and Neuroticism on life satisfaction was largely mediated by hedonic balance. The results suggest that the influence of personality on the emotional component of SWB is pancultural, whereas the influence of personality on the cognitive component of SWB is moderated by culture.     

Culture and Personality: Variability across Universal Motives as the Missing Link

What is the relation between culture and personality? I argue that to address this question, it is necessary to meet five criteria: (1) to identify universal principles of human functioning that underlie both culture and personality; (2) to treat those principles at different levels of analysis for culture and personality; (3) to define culture and personality in terms of those principles in a manner that maintains the integrity of these concepts; (4) to select specific psychological factors that, because of their survival value, are present in every culture and individual, although to varying degrees; and (5) to postulate how different cultures and personalities emerge from variability in the predominance of those specific psychological factors. I then propose that these criteria can be met by identifying specific human motives that are both universal and vary across individuals, situations, and groups. I propose a five‐step model that describes how cultures influence the personalities that emerge among its members, with particular emphasis on the human‐defining period of development between 3 and 6 years of age, and how those personalities in turn influence the culture (from effects of regulatory fit). As initial support for the model, evidence is reviewed for commonality among cultures in the existence of promotion, prevention, locomotion, and assessment motives; for variability across cultures in the predominance of these motives as modal personalities; and for universality in the relations between each motive and Big Five and self‐esteem trait characteristics. Combining the latter universal relations with the cultural variability in modal personalities yields cultural differences in manners of goal pursuit.     

不同的文化,不同的“人”——人格模型之文化阐释

人格是文化的产物。文化影响了个体人格的形成与发展。文章介绍了文化对人格模型及自我的具体影响,集体主义文化与个体主义文化有不同的人格模型和自我增强方式,在两种文化下特质理论的意义并不相同。当代心理学主要以西方文化为理论基础,如果我们的目标是理解全人类的行为,就必须首先建立属于各文化的本土心理学。     

孝文化与中国人人格形成的深层机制

作为中国文化的重要特征,孝文化提供了一整套系统的文本、言说和行为准则,不仅影响到中国社会的历史面貌和现实状况等宏观领域,而且也影响到人格形成等微观领域。该文从文化的辩证角度分析了孝文化长期存在的合理性,对孝文化的内涵和消极效应进行了心理学解读,并简要分析了孝文化与中国人具体人格特征之间的关联。正是通过具体的教养方式和亲子关系,孝文化完成了其对人格的塑造作用。     

Tell me where you come from and I know what makes you tick: Managing the consumer personality–satisfaction link in diverse cultures

Marketing programs that evoke high satisfaction and marketing success in one culture often fail in others, but the understanding of those cultural differences is insufficient. The question of how culture is linked to consumer satisfaction is still not answered satisfactorily. One promising paradigm for exploring such questions comes from progress in cross-cultural personality psychology. Thus, we examine the influence of individual-level cultural orientations on personality, and the role of personality and affect in satisfaction formation across cultures. Based on experimental data, we show that a high individualism orientation triggers higher levels of extraversion; a high uncertainty-avoidance orientation triggers higher levels of neuroticism. Based on field data from Japan, Spain, and the United States, we identify equivalent relationships amongst personality-related antecedent processes shaping satisfaction indicating universality across these cultures. The findings demonstrate the usefulness of cross-cultural personality psychology theory and methods for understanding and predicting consumer responses to marketing actions across cultures.     

On friendship development and the Big Five personality traits

In this paper, we argue that friendship should receive more attention in social/personality research. Here, we focus on our area of expertise, personality traits, and review the literature on how personality traits influence friendship formation, maintenance, and dissolution. Specifically, we examine how personality traits of the actor and partner influence friendship development (i.e., who is more likely to initiate and end friendships, and who is more likely to be the target of friendship initiation and termination). We also discuss dyadic effects, such as personality similarity, on friendship development. Throughout this review, we draw on the literature on personality and romantic relationships to identify the most important gaps in the literature on personality and friendships. Our review suggests that agreeableness has the most consistent effects on both romantic relationships and friendships, followed by neuroticism. Extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience have all been shown to influence relationship development, but their effects are inconsistent. We end with a call for more research on friendship beyond the role of personality traits and suggestions for specific future directions.     

The effects of culture and gender on perceived self-other similarity in personality

Gender and culture may influence individuals’ perceptions of their similarity to others. 391,454 individuals from 20 countries rated their own personality traits and the personality traits they attribute to other people in general. A multilevel analysis on distinctive profile similarity (Furr, 2008) demonstrated that both gender and culture play a role in perceived self-other similarity. Specifically, women and those from highly collectivistic cultures saw themselves as more similar to others. Country-level analysis based on self-other similarity correlations (e.g., Srivastava, Guglielmo, & Beer, 2010) within each country revealed that cultural assertiveness uniquely predicted this assumed similarity. The findings shed light on how people construe themselves in relation to others and contribute to the understanding of personality within cultural contexts.     

文化与人格研究中的几个问题

“文化与人格”包含着“文化中的人格”和“人格中的文化”两个命题。当今人格与文化研究中存在几个问题:人格特质的跨文化普遍性问题;人格与文化研究中的文化问题;人格与文化的作用机制问题。要解决这些问题:1.将主位研究与客位研究结合起来;2.将文化看作动态的过程;3.考虑到文化与人格之间起作用的中间机制;4.加强人格心理学与其它学科的联系。