Sciences médicales et droit

How does Law unravel and seize Medicine? The relationship between Law and Medicine is tremendously complex. At first sight, Law understands medicine as being a medical science, an applied science, and imposes requirements in this regard, such as respect for the “established scientific knowledge” or “tested medical knowledge”. But Medicine turns out to be “Art”, a clear and authentic expertise which requires techniques reiteration. Seen by Law, Medicine is not classified into either both of these scientific or technical dimensions. Borrowing from human sciences also allows to set requirements for medical humanism.     

Hacia las máquinas conscientes

Resumen

Se propone un bosquejo de teoría para el estudio del fenómeno de la consciencia desde un punto de vista unificador—natural y artificial—basado en el análisis de la mente como un fenómeno de control. Se incluye una justificación de la investigación en consciencia artificial no como imitación mecánica de la consciencia natural, sino por las propiedades de que puede dotar a un sistema técnico. Se describe la evolución no biomimética de las estructuras básicas de control y se analizan las estrategias más actuales para el desarrollo de máquinas conscientes.     

De l'argumentation comme métamorphose

Linguistic rhetoric and argumentative reasoning are generally identified. Certain types of problems, however, make use of non-verbal systems of representation, and, among them, image. Image is not just matter but also form, and computer processing in AI makes it possible to grasp this form by linguistic means (logico-mathematical languages). The synthesis of animated images has made it possible to represent metamorphoses, the thought of the unexpected. The fact that language produces image (and conversely) does not fail to transform the standard ways of thinking about epistemology.

     

Le consentement en droit médical

Medical law, which derogates from ordinary law, interests and questions by its particularities. However, the Mercier decision of 1936 seems to have denied this by forcing an ordinary “medical contract” between the doctor and his patient. But the medical relationship, far beyond a contractual logic, seems to be unable to blend into the civil law elements of contract law. As such, consent, keystone of this medical matter, does not meet the standards of contract law yet imposed by the Court of Cassation. This article aims to unravel and clarify the scope and regime of this consent not quite like the others.     

La méthode agile,une nouvelle méthode pour promouvoir l’accompagnement inclusif

Over the past fifteen years, the health and social care policies in charge of vulnerable population, have evolved and have urged professionals to change their practices to promote the values of an inclusive society. Personal support has reached a consensus in response to fostering empowerment and coordinating efforts for actions undertaken. However, for lack of new methods capable of shaping outreach differently, practices are struggling to free themselves from phased management processes organized on a logic of support. This article aims at presenting an original method called “agile” that meets current expectations. It is based on six principles of action guaranteeing not only mobility and resources of the situation but also the empowerment of the accompanying and the accompanied.     

La décision médicale et la relation médecin–patient en oncologie

The announcement of the cancer diagnosis and his treatment is an important moment in the set up of the doctor–patient relationship. The law of contracts has long governed the relationship between the doctor and the patient. But the legislature clearly demonstrated its will to consider the patient as full actor of his health, leaving the regime of medical decision, the shared decision. This shared decision is based on an obligation to inform the patient on his health and knows many exceptions (minor patients or adults under guardianship, emergency). In Oncology, the medical decision is a decision coordinated between doctors in the multidisciplinary consultation meetings. This decision is considered as a guarantee of the quality of the medical care. It does not preclude the time of the doctor–patient relationship.     

Why I’m still a proportionalist

Mark Schroeder has, rather famously, defended a powerful Humean Theory of Reasons. In doing so, he abandons what many take to be the default Humean view of weighting reasons—namely, proportionalism . On Schroeder’s view, the pressure that Humeans feel to adopt proportionalism is illusory, and proportionalism is unable to make sense of the fact that the weight of reasons is a normative matter. He thus offers his own ‘Recursive View’, which directly explains how it is that the weight of reasons is a normative matter. In this paper, I argue against Schroeder that a Humean ought to be a proportionalist. On my view, proportionalism is clearly an intuitive theory of weighting for a Humean, so we should resist it only if Schroeder can demonstrate either that there is a serious problem with the view, or that there is a better alternative. I then further argue that Schroeder fails to deliver on either condition. As a result, I conclude that there are good intuitive reasons for a Humean to be a proportionalist, and no good reason not to be.     

La méta-analyse en psychologie sociale : principe,méthode et illustration

For several decades, the meta-analysis technique emerges as the most employed method to synthesize a whole of research relating to the same topic, the same process… While synthesizing, statistically, the studies, meta-analysis makes possible to measure the effect-size of a phenomenon and to see which factors influence this phenomenon. This method, well-developed in the Anglo-Saxons' reviews, is little known in France in particular by social psychologists. The following paper presents the basis of the meta-analysis technique, its advantages and the way to use this method if statistical data are presented in frequencies form (a second paper with continuous data and correlation measurements will be submitted later). A case-study presenting the meta-analysis interest is proposed with the help of real data resulting from the comparative study of two well-known psychosocial processes.     

Graham Oppy on the kalām cosmological argument

Conclusion In conclusion, then, I think that the refutations proffered by Mackie of thekalām cosmological argument were all too quick and easy. Nor do I think Oppy has succeeded in rehabilitating those refutations.     

Cómo predecir a más personas en más ocasiones: evaluando la personalidad de las situaciones

RESUMEN

La creciente aceptación de que gran parte de la varianza de interés psicológico de la conducta podría encontrarse en la interacción entre la persona y la situación, sugiere la necesidad de un lenguaje común para la descripción tanto de las personas como de las situaciones. De acuerdo con esto, proponemos que una situación sea caracterizada por una serie de pares de plantillas de conducta, esto es, un conjunto de descripciones de personalidad (del tipo Q) de hipotéticas personas “ideales”, cada una de las cuales se asocia con una conducta concreta. La descripción del tipo Q de un determinado individuo se empareja pues, con cada plantilla, y se predice que mostrará la conducta asociada con la caracterización situacional-tipo a que más se parezca. La utilidad heurística y predictiva de esta técnica de emparejamiento, se demuestra en tres grupos de experimentos clásicos: (a) la situación de demora de la gratificación, (b) el juego de negociación estratégica, y (c) el experimento de condescendencia forzada. Se muestra que esta técnica también puede utilizarse para evaluar la validez ecológica de los experimentos de laboratorio, y para probar teorías que conciernen a los fenomenos psicológicos.     

Secret médical en santé au travail

The occupational physicians are obliged, like any doctor, to respect the ethical obligations imposed on their profession, including in the exercise of the missions specific to occupational medicine and contained in the Labor Code. The occupational physician is not isolated and works in a multidisciplinary team of a health service at work. He must communicate with other health professionals, but also with employers, representative bodies of staff. Medical confidentiality holds a special place in the triangular relationship between the occupational physician, the employee and the employer. The medical practice in the field of occupational health requires that many provisions of the Labor Code be followed, including the respect of the secret of manufacture and the position of advising employers and employees. The occupational physician must communicate with the employer in order to best achieve his mission, but in practice, it may be difficult for the occupational doctor to make his recommendations heard to improve the working conditions of employees without power, when he cannot argue his opinions on medical information.     

Responsabilité médicale et « option »

Medical liability is, in civil law, the suit of a breach of the contract. But, sometimes, it depends of the law of torts (that is the reference in common law). The patient cannot choose between the two systems. If the damage proceeds of a contractual negligence, there is only a conctractual liability. Two projects of law ((ministry of justice) are in another way; they will offer the option. Is it a good solution for the patient?