Évaluation thérapeutique et obligation de soins

This article presents an application of therapeutic assessment in a mandatory treatment setting. Assessment has been traditionally considered as specially important in this setting. Following previous works (Chudzik & Aschieri, 2013) about the therapeutic relationship in this setting, we show that TA is useful to avoid some common pitfalls and make a real psychotherapeutic process possible. We consider the specificity of each step of TA in this setting and we illustrate it by a clinical case.     

Enjeux majeurs de santé publique versus autonomie personnelle : le cas spécifique de l’obligation vaccinale

While the triple individual, altruistic and collective dimension of the preventive vaccination obligation serves a major public health objective, it only prevents such a choice by public authorities, by imposing a constraint on individuals and thus violating several of their fundamental rights, from going against personal freedom. The first question raised is then that of the legitimacy of such a policy. Could less coercive means, and therefore less intrusive on fundamental rights and freedoms, not be deployed? If not, at what risk alert threshold(s) could the vaccination obligation be justified?     

Military service and moral obligation∗

The author investigates the view that there is a moral obligation to serve in the armed forces of the nation State of which one is a citizen resident (with special reference to young American men at the present time). It is conceded that under current law in this country there may be such a legal obligation, that many men may be obliged to render such service, and that under certain circumstances even a moral obligation to serve may also exist. What is denied is that any of the familiar theories of moral obligation is adequate in existing circumstances to establish this thesis in general. The result is either that a new theory of moral obligation must be developed to fit the current facts, or the present assessment of those facts must be fundamentally revised, or we must concede that draftees and men generally have no such moral obligation of service at all.     

Representation by counsel: Right or obligation?

Since the Supreme Court's decision in Faretta v. California (1975), courts have generally permitted defendants to represent themselves, as long as they are competent to do so. The problem lies in the definition of competency to waive counsel, which has been vaguely defined by the courts. Little is known about the frequency of, or reasons for, attempts to waive counsel, about the process of forensic evaluation of such competency, and about the success of such attempts. The authors briefly review the case law on competency to waive representation, report on a longitudinal prospective study of these issues in a population of defendants referred to an inpatient forensic facility for evaluation of all types of competency related to their criminal prosecutions, and discuss the significance of the issue for forensic clinicians. A key question for courts, lawyers, and clinicians is whether a competency evaluation can be invoked to overcome a defendant's constitutional rights to self-representation and bail.     

The logic of obligation, ‘better’ and ‘worse’

Research for this paper was supported by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, FT-33794. I am grateful to an anonymous referee of this journal for remarks on an earlier version of this paper.     

When do victim group members feel a moral obligation to help suffering others?

In four experiments, we assessed when the salience of ingroup historical victimization will encourage a sense of moral obligation to reduce the suffering of others. Historically victimized groups (Jews and women; Experiments 1 and 3) who considered the lessons of the past for their ingroup felt heightened moral obligation to help other non‐adversary victimized groups. However, when the suffering outgroup was an adversary, Jews (Experiment 2) and women (Experiment 4) who focused on the lesson of historical victimization for their ingroup reported lower moral obligation to reduce others' suffering. The lesson focus effect on moral obligation was mediated by benefit finding as well as perceived similarity to the outgroup. Means to facilitate moral obligation, as well as limiting factors, among victimized group members are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

I won’t do it! Self-prediction,moral obligation and moral deliberation

This paper considers the question of whether predictions of wrongdoing are relevant to our moral obligations. After giving an analysis of ‘won’t’ claims (i.e., claims that an agent won’t Φ), the question is separated into two different issues: firstly, whether predictions of wrongdoing affect our objective moral obligations, and secondly, whether self-prediction of wrongdoing can be legitimately used in moral deliberation. I argue for an affirmative answer to both questions, although there are conditions that must be met for self-prediction to be appropriate in deliberation. The discussion illuminates an interesting and significant tension between agency and prediction.     

Children’s judgements of the obligation to help: The role of relationships

ABSTRACT

Children at ages 7 (N = 24, M _age = 6.96, SD _age =.20), 9 (N = 29, M _age = 8.76, SD _age =.44), and 11 (N = 25, M _age = 10.76, SD _age =.66), and adults (N = 30) made judgements about the obligation to help when it conflicts with a personal desire. Across ages, the obligation to help was judged to be strongest when there were positive or neutral past interactions with the person in need of help, compared to mean past interactions. Expectation of a future friendship predicted the obligation to help, even after controlling for age and sex. However, we found no effect of children helping gender in-group members more. Evidence for altruism was not found: expected positive emotions did not predict the obligation to help. We conclude that an expectation of future relationship is the strongest predictor of helping obligation.     

Comprensión de las relaciones interpersonales en el contexto de narraciones de episodios de interacción

Resumen

En este artículo proponemos que el proceso de comprensión de narraciones interpersonales recoge los cambios que se producen en las relaciones de los protagonistas como consecuencia de las interacciones habidas entre ellos. Para comprobar esta hipótesis medimos la accesibilidadde una frase que describía una relación (próxima o distante) entre los protagonistas de un episodio, en el que acontecía una interacción interpersonal (positiva o negativa).

Los resultados del experimento realizado mostraron que el tiempo de lectura de la relación final de los protagonistas dependía de la congruencia con la relación previa y con la conducta. Estos resultados se presentan contrastando las diferentes perspectivas teóricas en la comprensión de narraciones y enfatizando la relevancia de la cognición social en la comprensión de textos interpersonales.     

Evaluación de la escala de control de la acción

Resumen

El objetivo ele la investigación fue determinar las propiedades psicométricas básicas de la Escala de Control de la Acción de Kuhl en una muesta de estudiantes mexicanos. La escala fue traducida y sometida a varias revisiones por los autores, después de lo cual se aplicó a una muestra de 180 estudiantes universitarios. La confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach de las diferentes subescalas fue baja. Un análisis de componentes principales con rotación ortogonal mostró que el porcentaje de varianza explicada por el primer factor de cada subescala fue muy pequeño. Se intenta explicar los resultados con base en la deficiente caracterización que hace Kubl de las diferentes clases de orientación hacia el estado y factores de tipo cultural.     

Aplicación de la psicología al estudio de los procedimientos policiales de recuerdo de personas

RESUMEN

En este artículo los autores aportan una visión de lo que se entiende por psicología del testimonio. Condensan los estudios sobre los procedimientos policiales de recuerdo de personas que se desarrollaron simulando las condiciones reales lo más exactamente posible, resaltando la capacidad de la ciencia psicológica en un campo “relativamente” nuevo y, a todas luces, aplicado. Comienzan por delimitar el área y describir los procedimientos policiales más difundidos en los diferentes países, comentando a continuación los resultados de las investigaciones psicológicas sobre los instrumentos genéricamente llamados “retratos-robot” y que, principalmente, han sido realizados en las universidades de Aberdeen (Escocia) y Houston (USA). En el último apartado sintetizan los datos más relevantes y finalizan subrayando la utilidad de la Psicología en este ámbito y la importancia de diseños experimentales cercanos a la realidad.     

La evolución de la intencionalidad de la conciencia: de la conciencia intencional descarnada de Brentano a la Intencionalidad operante de Merleau-Ponty

Resumen

Este estudio pretende penetrar en uno de los conceptos más relevantes de la historia del pensamiento filosófico y psicológico: la cuestión de la conciencia (y su carácter intencional) así como las aporías y problemáticas que acarrea.

Para Brentano, si la psicología pretende tener el estatuto de cientificidad, debe circunscribirse temáticamente a un único ámbito: la conciencia. Asimismo, su característica primordial radica en que siempre será conciencia de algo (será intencional). No obstante, la validez de esa intencionalidad se problematizará por los seguidores del planteamiento bren-taniano. Entre ellos, Husserl matizará ciertos aspectos de la naturaleza intencional de la conciencia, así como radicalizará ciertas cuestiones de Brentano.

Ulteriormente, se observará como la conciencia intelectualista brentaniano-husserliana empezará a enraizarse en el mundo, gracias a la ontología del ser-en-el-mundo de Heidegger, y perderá el carácter epistemológico preponderante, para adueñarse de una vertiente práctica. A su vez, esta relevancia de la praxis se radicalizará en Merleau-Ponty, con su propuesta de la intencionalidad operante haciendo referencia al vínculo antepredicativo, corporal, que el sujeto mantiene con el mundo.