Pervasiveness of framing effects among physicians and medical students

Researchers have been documenting the influence of framing upon decision making for more than two decades; decisions appear to change in response to superficial changes in the presentation of possible outcomes. Several studies of medical decision making have revealed; for instance, that clinical decisions differ when options are presented as gains (survival rates) rather than losses (mortality rates). However, most studies of framing effects in the medical domain have utilized a very limited number of clinical problems that have not allowed an adequate test of the prevalence of the phenomena. To extend previous studies, we presented three groups of subjects (experienced internists, residents, and third-year medical students) with booklets containing twelve hypothetical medical cases. Half of the subjects received gain versions and half received loss versions of the same cases. Chi-square analyses revealed that framing did not influence any of the decisions of medical students and influenced the decisions of residents and experienced physicians on only two of the clinical problems (the same two problems). It appears that the prevalence of framing effects in the clinical domain may be limited.     

Pervasiveness and magnitude of context effects: evidence for the relativity of absolute magnitude estimation

To test the assertion that absolute magnitude estimation serves to minimize context effects, two experiments were conducted in which area stimuli were judged under differing conditions. In Experiment 1, four groups of subjects made magnitude estimations of triangles ranging in area from 1.5 to 3,072 cm2. No standard or modulus was used, and instructions were similar to those used in absolute magnitude estimation experiments. Each group first judged a different subrange of the stimuli (1.5-24; 48-768; 6-96; or 192-3,072 cm2) before making judgments of the remaining stimuli. In Experiment 2, two groups of subjects made magnitude estimations of triangles ranging in area from 1.5 to 12,288 cm2, with each group first judging a different subrange of stimuli (1.5-24 cm2 or 768-12,288 cm2). The design and instructions were virtually identical to those used in absolute magnitude estimation experiments. Our results indicate that the wording of the instructions is not crucial and that judgments are influenced in two ways that are not predicted by proponents of absolute magnitude estimation. First, the power functions fit to the initially presented subranges (e.g., 1.5-24 cm2), which were judged without contextual effects produced by previously presented stimuli, were inconsistent with one another. Second, judgments of the remaining stimuli were influenced by the subrange of stimuli judged initially. The prevalence of context effects in both experiments, in spite of instructional differences, suggests that although one should avoid using a standard and modulus, there is little else to be gained by adopting the absolute magnitude estimation procedure.     

马克思主义哲学与旧哲学比较的新视角

本文通过哲学改造客观世界功能这一崭新视角,比较马克思主义哲学与旧哲学的异同,认为马克思主义哲学与旧哲学在改造客观世界功能方面的相同点主要体现在三个方面一是两者都是对时代的反映和概括;二是两者都是通过改变人的思维方式,影响或指导人们改造客观世界的实践活动;三是两者都提出了改造客观世界的理想蓝图.两者的不同点主要体现在五个方面一是两者对改造客观世界的态度的认识上是不同的;二是两者对改造客观世界的出发点认识是不同的;三是两者对改造客观世界的主体的认识是不同的;四是两者对改造客观世界的途径的认识是不同的;五是对改造客观世界的目的的认识是不同的.通过这一比较,进一步揭示马克思主义哲学在哲学史上发生革命性变革的根据和意义.     

The Relationship Between Collective Action and Well-Being and Its Moderators: Pervasiveness of Discrimination and Dimensions of Action

Given the negative impact of perceiving gender discrimination on health (e.g., Pascoe and Smart Richman 2009), there is a need to develop interventions to attenuate this effect; collective action may be one such intervention. Study 1 (N?=?185) used an experimental paradigm to investigate whether undergraduate women in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada perceived pervasiveness of discrimination would interact with their collective action-taking to predict negative mood and well-being. Results showed that among those perceiving pervasive gender discrimination, informing friends/family and informing the media led to greater well-being than doing nothing, whereas among those perceiving gender discrimination as isolated, doing nothing led to lower negative mood than taking action. In Study 2 (N?=?105) undergraduate women in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada completed an online questionnaire to assess whether these patterns would be replicated and further moderated by the dimensions along which collective action is defined. Consistent with Study 1, among those perceiving pervasive discrimination, increased endorsement of informing the media predicted reduced symptomatology. Moreover, among those who defined collective actions as active, collective, public and high cost, increased endorsement of action predicted greater well-being. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.     

Philosophy and Cross-Cultural Conversation: Some Comments on the Project of Comparative Philosophy

This paper seeks to highlight the East-West asymmetry in philosophical exchanges. It draws attention to the absence of Eastern thought in the curriculum of philosophy in the West and suggests that cliches and stereotypes about cultures in general and thought-traditions in particular are perpetuated in this manner. The aim of the paper is to encourage 'cross-cultural conversation' among philosophers. A critical review of the project of 'comparative philosophy' is made to disclose the fact that despite the difficulties of such an endeavor, it is an attempt to bring thought-traditions together and is thereby useful for promoting intercultural understanding.     

会通与融合--马克思主义哲学、中国传统哲学与西方哲学的互动

马克思主义哲学、中国传统哲学与西方哲学的会通与融合,正在成为当前中国哲学界关注的热点问题。对此,我谈谈三点看法,抛砖引玉,以就教于方家。一问题的背景从1840年“鸦片战争”以后,中国逐步融入世界,开始启动现代化的进程。在思想界,介绍传播西方思想与哲学成为时尚,首先是达尔文的进化论,进而是培根、笛卡尔以来的近代西方经验主义和理性主义,然后是追本溯源,从古希腊苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德到德国古典哲学家康德、黑格尔等人的整个西方哲学思想经典,在中国都得到介绍与研究。1917年俄国“十月革命”胜利以后,马克思主义哲学作为…     

唐君毅的哲学观——以《哲学概论》为中心

一、引言迄今为止,在有关现代新儒学的研究中,较之对牟宗三先生的研究,尽管对唐君毅先生的研究似乎有所不足,但仍然可以说已经具有了相当丰硕的成果。①不过,细检目前所有关于唐君毅先生的研究,几乎都没有对其《哲学概论》一书予以足够的重视。②虽然唐君毅先生自己谦称此书“乃一通俗性的哲学教科书”③,然而事实上,该书不仅体大思精,将当时包括中国、印度和西方差不多所有的重要哲学流派都囊括殆尽,更为重要的是,正是在对比、包罗、融通世界上不同哲学传统的基础上,唐君毅先生在《哲学概论》中表达了他对于“哲学”这一观念的理解。本文之…     

文森特:"关于跨文化哲学和中国哲学的一些思索"

跨文化哲学不只是限于作比较哲学研究,而是一种"对照"(contrast)的哲学."对照"是差异性和互补性、连续性和间断性之间律动、辩证的相互作用,它最终能导致哲学中不同传统的真实互益."对照"的智慧在中国哲学中有其起源,在<易经>、<老子>和其他哲学文本中有丰富的资源,<太极图>展示了一种"结构的对照".将它置于时间的坐标,就有"动态的对照",所有个体生活史、群体历史与宇宙过程都通过先、后瞬间连续和间断地相互作用,处于一种生成的过程.     

坐在扶椅上能追求到什么?

这是<哲学的哲学>一书的导言部分,作者指出了该书的基本思想是:第一,认为哲学不同于自然科学研究的例外论假定是错误的,甚至先验与后验之间的区分最终遮蔽了内在的相似性.第二,哲学与其他科学之间在主题上的差异,也不如我们通常认为的那样深.第三,当前的哲学主流未能清楚地阐明一种适当的哲学方法论,部分地是由于它陷入了对数据的心理学化的传统认识论错误.本书对哲学方法论的再思考,包含了在一种恰当的抽象水平上理解如何做哲学.     

Philosophy for Children and the Reconstruction of Philosophy

In this paper I trace the dialogical and narrative dimensions of the philosophical tradition and explore how they are reconfigured in the notion of community of philosophical inquiry (CPI), the mainstay of the collection of novels and discussion plans known as Philosophy for Children. After considering the ontology and epistemology of dialogue, I argue that narrative has replaced exposition in our understanding of philosophical discourse and that CPI represents a narrative context in which truth comes to represent the best story, in a discursive location in which there are always multiple stories. Finally, I raise the issue of children's philosophical voice. Can children philosophize, and if they can, do they do so in a voice different from adults'? If so, what are the distinctive features of that voice? I assert that it is children's historical marginalization in the Western construction of rationality that now – as that rationality undergoes its crisis – makes of them, like women and other “natives,” privileged strangers to the tradition, who are, through CPI, enabled to enter it through dialogue and narrative.     

从诗与哲学的古老论争看诗的哲学——《善的脆弱性:古希腊悲剧中的运气与伦理》述评

当代美国著名的古典学和哲学家玛莎·纳斯鲍姆(Nassbaum Martha)女士的成名作<善的脆弱性:古希腊悲剧中的运气与伦理>(以下简称<善的脆弱性>)中译本的问世,将改变我们理解希腊古典文学和哲学的思路.