理性看待禅学热

从传统文化与现代文化的关系来看，“禅学热”是对禅学这一特定的传统文化的热情关注，它所表现出来的主要倾向有两个方面。一是对这种传统文化进行客观的观察和冷静的分析，这实际上是一种理性的精神和科学的态度，这种精神当然符合现代文化的要求，也适合我国精神文明建设的需要。另一个方面是对这种传统文化加以肯定、赞赏、发挥、提倡，它实际上是一种文化保守主义或国粹主义的态度，这种精神与现代文化及精神文明建设的关系则比较复杂。一般来说，现代文化与传统文化并不是完全隔绝的，前者对后者既有继承的一面，也有超越、扬弃甚至反…     

基督教与中国文化(续八)

为了避免文化疏离现象和基督教的迷信化或民间信仰化,作为中国基督徒,在中国神学的思考和构建中,我们需要跋涉于两个不同的传统之中。一个是中国文化的传统,另一个是基督教的传统。这两个传统同时供给我们信仰和神学的养料。     

辛亥时期革命派内部伦理思想的分歧——兼论其时传统道德的历史命运

辛亥革命时期,具有相同政治立场的革命派人士,在如何对待中国传统道德这一问题上却出现了分歧。大致说来有两种有代表性的观点:一些人对传统道德基本认同,而另一些人则持基本否定的态度。这两种观点各有得失,因为,传统道德是一个多元综合体,而这两种观点都抓住且只抓住了这一综合体的某种要素,揭示了该综合体与近代社会之间的复杂关系的一个方面。通过对革命派内部的这一分歧的反思,有助于我们更好地认识传统道德的价值与历史命运。     

继承珍贵的道德遗产 建设社会主义精神文明

对于我们民族古代文化(包括道德)遗产,历来有几种截然不同的态度。一种是全盘否定,认为历史上的文化尽是糟粕,没有任何可取之处,要一古脑儿抛弃。这种观点看起来很革命,但它割断了文化的历史发展,是一种历史虚无主义。另一种是全盘肯定,认为历史上的文化都是科学珍宝,好得不得了,要统统继承下来。这种观点看起来很有民族感情,但却是一种国粹主义,复古主义。这两种     

坚持弘扬优秀传统文化

总结历史,研究和弘扬中华优秀传统文化,是为了开辟未来,振奋民族精神,振兴中华民族,这是学者的共识。正是在这一精神的驱动下,关于中华传统文化、哲学的研究和宣传,尽管历经曲折,总算是处于一种方兴未艾之中。并且,这种研究、宣传,不再仅仅局限于学术领域,正在通过各种民族的、群众喜闻乐见的形式,普及到群众中去。例如,首都报刊业已刊载的在广东流传的新三字经,就是鲜明的一例。面对这种情况,仁者见仁,智者见智,各有说法,这是正常的。问题是起码应有一个正确的态度。譬如,在一些人那里,一方面承认马克思主义哲学继承和…     

晚明社会思潮与宋应星的科学思想

本文认为宋应星的科学思想的形成和晚明贬抑程朱道学的社会思潮密切相关,构成晚明贬抑程朱道学的社会思潮的四股力量的批判思想在宋应星的思想中都有反映。宋应星的科学思想为明清之际的启蒙思想提供了科学知识的基础。宋应星的科学思想集中体现了中国传统科学所固有的长处和局限。从这点看,可以将宋应星看作中国传统科学最后一个杰出代表。和徐光启相比较,他们两人代表了在社会对传统文化反思过程中,寻找社会文化新的出路的两种不同的思想动向。     

中国古代士文化与英国贵族文化比较研究

中国历朝历代都有“士”的出现,他们对于政治、生活、现实都保持着一种独特的认知方式与情感体验,并由此形成一种士文化。他们向往着“达则兼济天下”,但更多时候处于“穷则独善其身”的境地。英国贵族文化是随着贵族阶层的出现而形成的一种独特的生存方式。作为一种文化形式,直到今天它还无处不在地影响着英国人的生活方式与行为方式。作为人类共同的文化形态,它们在发展过程中形成了一些共同特征,如对社会责任感的注重,对思想自由与精神充盈的追求,对人的价值与尊严、人格独立的强调等。同时,作为不同民族的文化形态,两者又有一定的差异。分析比较这两种不同文化形态,对于把握中西方文化的精神内核,将传统文化运用于现代化建设中有着重要的现实意义。     

近10年来近代文化保守主义研究综述

20世纪 80年代以来 ,随着与现代化所伴生的意义危机和文化全球化对本土文化的新一轮更加广泛、深层次的冲击 ,文化保守主义问题在中国凸现了出来。当国内学者发现了这一问题的现实性和它仍将持续存在的必然性以后 ,文化保守主义很快成为新的研究焦点。就近代文化保守主义[1] 而言 ,自 2 0世纪 80年代末至今 ,学者们对其从各个角度进行了广泛而深入的研究 ,现将国内 1 0余年来的主要研究观点概述如下。一、内涵与特征“保守主义者”来源于法语ＬｅＣｏｎｓｅｒｃａｔｅｕｅｒ,最初是一个富含政治色彩的名词 ,所以当保守主义被用来探讨文化问…     

两个世界与理性主义：柏拉图、斯多葛派与西塞罗合论

国内外学界都曾有人认为,西方文化一哲学的特征是两个世界,而中国文化一哲学传统的特征是一个世界。韦伯在讨论新教与儒教的不同时曾认为,新教伦理在对待尘世的态度方面,与儒教伦理形成了强烈的对照。在韦伯看来,如果说儒教对世间万物采取一种随和态度的话,那么新教伦理则与世     

澳洲和美洲土著地区“蛙神崇拜”文化对比研究

图腾崇拜是世界灿烂文化宝库中重要组成部分,身为世界上为数不多的最古老民族之中的成员地,澳洲和美洲这两个地区产生了这一独特的文化,他们信仰图腾并认为这是一种能保护部族成员,促进部落发展的方式,所衍生出的歌曲、画作、神话等艺术形式令人惊叹。据资料显示,澳大利亚土著地区和美洲印第安地区均有发现"蛙图腾崇拜"现象,但是将两地该现象进行对比的文献资料略少。比较出两个不同地域的"蛙神崇拜"图腾文化之间异同的同时,有利于发现世界图腾文化的趋同性和多样性,从而加深对两地社会文化的了解,也有利于对精神文明的建设起到借鉴作用。     

差序公正与差序关怀：论中国人道德取向中的集体偏见

在中国传统的道德取向中,既有皮亚杰、科尔伯格的“道德公正”,也有吉利根、诺丁斯的“道德关怀”,但是,这两种道德取向在中国社会是以“差序格局”的样态运作的,即以“差序公正”和“差序关怀”的形式存在于中国人的道德判断中。“差序公正”和“差序关怀”的概念准确地表征了中国人道德取向的集体偏见。随着改革的不断深入,各项制度的不断建立和完善,人们的现代化层次不断提高,这种集体偏见正在逐渐得到克服和纠正。     

Compassionate Conservatives? Evangelicals,Economic Conservatism,and National Identity

In the United States, white evangelicals are more economically conservative than other Americans. It is commonly assumed that white evangelicals oppose redistributive social policies because of their individualistic theology. Yet Canadian evangelicals are just as supportive of redistributive social policy as other Canadians, even though they share the same tools of conservative Protestant theology. To solve this puzzle, I use multi‐sited ethnography to compare how two evangelical congregations in the United States and Canada talked about poverty and the role of government. In both countries, evangelicals made sense of their religious responsibilities to “the poor” by reference to national identity. Evangelicals used their theological tools differently in the United States and Canada because different visions of national solidarity served as cultural anchors for religious discourse about poverty. To understand the political and civic effects of religion, scholars need to consider the varied ways that religious groups imagine national community within religious practice.     

Culture and visual perception: Does perceptual inference depend on culture?1,2

Abstract: Some perceptual cues carry information about the overall pattern of an object (holistic cues), whereas others carry information about the distinct parts of an object (part cues). Drawing on recent work on culture and cognition, the authors predicted that people with European‐American cultural backgrounds would be more capable of using part cues in perceptual inference than those with Asian backgrounds. No such cross‐cultural difference was expected for the ability to use holistic cues. In two studies, participants were presented with either one of the two types of cues and asked to infer the identity of the original objects. As predicted, in the part‐cue condition European‐American participants performed better than did Japanese (Study 1) and Asian‐American participants (Study 2). Also as predicted, there was no cultural difference in the holistic‐cue condition. The results were interpreted with reference to other related studies documenting reliable cross‐cultural differences in cognition.     

Omniscience And Pantheism

This article argues that theism entails a species of pantheism on the grounds that there is simply no discernible difference between the God's knowledge of the world and the world that God knows. The case against this thesis begins with the traditional theory of distinctions. But since God is necessarily omniscient there is not even the possibility that these might be considered apart and thus distinguished in that way. But neither is it possible to do this by means of Leibnitz's law, that is, by finding some feature possessed by the one but not the other. Three potential areas of difference are considered but rejected, first, that knowledge unlike the world is representational, and second, that knowledge unlike the world is phenomenal – there is something that it is like to have. Both of these features, though able to distinguish ordinary knowledge from its objects, cease to provide the difference we require when extended to the case of divine knowledge. A final area of potential difference lies in the transcendent nature of God over the world, especially with respect to time, finitude and possibility. But this, in the end, is found no more able to distinguish God's knowledge from its object than the previous two suggestions.     

“乐”——中国人的主观幸福感与传统文化中的幸福观

中国人的幸福感重视人际与集体的和谐, 重视精神的感受。这样的幸福感特点很大程度上受传统文化中幸福观的影响。儒、道、佛三大流派各有自己独特的幸福观：儒家既承认父母俱存、兄弟无故的现实感性之乐, 又强调追求仁义的理性之乐; 道家提倡超越现实的顺应自然之乐和祸福相依的幸福观; 佛家则讲求进入涅槃和普渡众生之乐。各家在追求理想人格、追求审美的过程中, 各自发展又互相融合, 形成对中国人幸福感影响深远的三大幸福观：(1)不以个人情感为重点而代之以人际关系和社会和谐的集体主义幸福观; (2)幸福感与道德感、审美感相连; (3)追求理性之乐。     

Moderators of Candidate Name‐Order Effects in Elections: An Experiment

Past studies of elections have shown that candidates whose names were listed at the beginning of a list on a ballot often received more votes by virtue of their position. This article tests speculations about the cognitive mechanisms that might be responsible for producing the effect. In an experiment embedded in a large national Internet survey, participants read about the issue positions of two hypothetical candidates and voted for one of them in a simulated election in which candidate name order was varied. The expected effect of position appeared and was strongest (1) when participants had less information about the candidates on which to base their choices, (2) when participants felt more ambivalent about their choices, (3) among participants with more limited cognitive skills, and (4) among participants who devoted less effort to the candidate evaluation process. The name‐order effect was greater among left‐handed people when the candidate names were arrayed horizontally, but there was no difference between left‐ and right‐handed people when the names were arrayed vertically. These results reinforce some broad theoretical accounts of the cognitive process that yield name‐order effects in elections.     

Ungraceful God: Masculinity and Images of God in Brazilian Popular Culture

Abstract

The article investigates how God is represented in popular culture, especially in music, in Brazil. It gives a general background about Brazilian culture showing how religion is part of the identity constructions of Brazilian people and how it is marked by multiplicity, syncretism and hybridization. It then analyses two popular songs that make explicit statements about "who God is" and how those statements are related to traditional masculine gender constructions. Finally, the article discusses how issues of masculinity and religion have been approached in recent scholarship and points to the need for other ways of imagining God that are related to people's experience.     

观点采择因素对3～4岁儿童延迟满足决策的影响

通过采用延迟满足决策任务,要求儿童分别为自己和他人做出决策,本研究考察了观点采择因素对儿童情感决策发展的影响。实验一选取3岁和4岁儿童各40名,结果发现3岁儿童和4岁儿童在为自己选和为他人选两种条件下的表现均无显著差异,都倾向于做出延迟选择。实验二选取3岁和4岁儿童各60名,在为他人的选择中进一步区分了不同的观点提示条件,并增加了观点采择测验任务。结果发现,4岁儿童的观点采择能力得到了初步的发展,在不同的观点提示条件下为他人选择时分别表现出了与为自己选择不同的决策趋势;3岁儿童尚未获得观点采择能力,在各种不同观点提示条件下为自己和为他人做选择时差异均不显著。本研究结果表明,观点采择能力对儿童情感决策的影响是发展性的。随着观点采择能力的发展,儿童逐渐能够确立正确的延迟动机,为他人做出有效的决策。     

颜色偏好的性别差异研究进展

颜色偏好是人在心理上所喜爱或偏好的颜色,性别是影响颜色偏好的重要因素之一。本文区分一般人群和特殊人群,结合不同的心理发展阶段,评述对抽象颜色和具体物色的偏好的性别差异研究进展,具体比较了打猎者-采摘者理论、视锥-对立对比成分理论、性别图式理论以及生态效价理论等,并且讨论分析了以往研究者在内容和理论解释等方面存在的不足。未来研究者应采用多元化的方法,深入探索颜色偏好性别差异的机制,期望整合得到解释力更强的理论观点。     

载道：中国电影功能观念——“道统”观念对中国电影及电影审美观念的影响述略

中国文艺的“道统”观念是民族传统文化结构体系中一个重要的组成部分,决定着文艺的思维方式和价值标准。电影这种艺术形态尽管是舶来品,一经传到中国,使被中国传统文化所消解而使之中国化。电影通过迎合传统的艺术观念,继承了功能目的论的艺术理论观,从文以载道的艺术观念出发来把握电影作品和电影创作方法,带有浓厚的民族意识和民族风格。一代代电影人所追求的,不是改良社会,唤起民众,挽救危亡,就是关注民族生存,思考人类命运这类极为崇高的人生目的。注重认识功能和教化功能的载道传统在中国电影中得到了轰轰烈烈的张扬。中国电影始终在传统艺术理论的关怀下,创造性地继承和发扬了中华传统审美文化的叙事智慧。