Ethics in Supervision: Consideration of the Supervisory Alliance and Countertransference Management of Psychology Doctoral Students

Clinical supervision provides the foundation for cultivating ethical practice and professionalism for mental health trainees. Exploration and management of a supervisee’s personal reactivity or countertransference (CT) is a critical component of supervision and has clear ethical implications for clinical management and the development of clinical competence. This article discusses supervision practice and presents the results of a study that investigated the influence of supervisor–supervisee relationship on clinical and counseling doctoral students’ CT disclosures. Respondents completed the Working Alliance Inventory–Supervisee form and the Personal Reaction Disclosure Questionnaire, which assessed respondents’ comfort and likelihood of reporting CT reactions to hypothetical clinical interactions. Results of this analogue study demonstrated positive associations between supervisory alliance and reported comfort and likelihood of CT disclosures, highlighting the importance of the alliance and drawing attention to supervisors their responsibility to particularly attend to the bond dimension of the relationship.     

应用Markov模型进行临床决策分析的思考

应用模型进行临床决策分析的研究日益增多,Markov模型就是近年来用于临床决策分析的一种.它优于传统的决策树分析方法,能应用于疾病预后影响因素的研究、筛查试验的评价、疾病治疗结局预测、纵向生命质量资料分析等多个方面.Markov模型用于临床决策分析,是创新思维的体现,是实事求是的典范,体现了认识的辩证过程.     

主语表征预报思维指向状态的马尔科夫链模型

个体的语言表征是一种随机现象, 在连续句子构成的语言表征中, 句子主语表征现象具有马氏性。采用马尔科夫链模型建构句子主语表征的状态转移概率矩阵, 发现主语表征的名词(n)/代词(r)是一个正则链。主语表征变化规律反映思维指向的变化规律, 个体根据对环境的适应需要, 通过第一个句子的主语表征反映出客观思维或主观思维指向的随机性, 通过N个句子则反映出个体既关注外界又关注自我的思维指向稳定性的特征。外显的语言表征是观察内隐的心理变化的客观线索, 运用数学模型的方法, 通过语言表征的规律可以对心理活动的可能变化做出预报。     

上下级工作冲突处理方式量表研究

本文目的是编制上下级工作冲突处理方式量表,探讨我国员工该行为方式的特点。根据开放式问卷调查结果和西方已有相关量表,构建量表题目,结合大五人格问卷简式版中宜人性分量表,有效测试了5家单位的254名员工。经探索性因素分析,获得退让、协调和对抗3个因素。检验结果表明该量表信度和效度达到心理测量学要求,体现了中国文化下上下级工作冲突处理方式的独特性。     

Relationship Between the Supervisory Working Alliance and Outcomes: A Meta‐Analysis

This study investigated the relationships between the supervisory working alliance and supervision outcome variables using meta‐analysis. The authors reviewed 27 articles, dissertations, and theses published between 1990 and 2018. The authors used the MIX program to calculate the meta‐analyses. The results indicate that the supervisory working alliance is positively related to supervision outcome variables. Supervisees’ perceived relationship with the supervisor was positively related to the relationship with the client. This shows that the phenomenon of isomorphism is a repeated pattern in the relationships in supervision and counseling. The authors discuss the limitations and implications.     

抑郁在青少年核心自我评价与自杀意念间的中介作用:基于Bootstrap法和MCMC法的实证研究

考察抑郁在青少年核心自我评价与自杀意念间的中介作用。对502名高中生进行量表测评。通过偏差校正的Bootstrap法和有先验信息的MCMC法求出中介效应值的95%置信区间分别为[-.030,-.011]和[-.024,-.014],提示抑郁的中介效应显著。效应量k2、R2med分别为.124、.104,偏差校正的Bootstrap法抽样5000次后,构建的效应量的95%置信区间分别为[.070,.178]、[.063,.156],两种指标共同验证效应量为中等。研究结果说明抑郁在核心自我评价与自杀意念间起部分中介作用,效应量中等。     

中介效应的点估计和区间估计:乘积分布法、非参数Bootstrap和MCMC法

针对中介效应ab的抽样分布往往不是正态分布的问题,学者近年提出了三类无需对ab的抽样分布进行任何限制且适用于中、小样本的方法,包括乘积分布法、非参数Bootstrap和马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)方法.采用模拟技术比较了三类方法在中介效应分析中的表现.结果发现:1)有先验信息的MCMC方法的ab点估计最准确;2)有先验信息的MCMC方法的统计功效最高,但付出了低估第Ⅰ类错误率的代价,偏差校正的非参数百分位Bootstrap方法的统计功效其次,但付出了高估第Ⅰ类错误率的代价;3)有先验信息的MCMC方法的中介效应区间估计最准确.结果表明,当有先验信息时,推荐使用有先验信息的MCMC方法;当先验信息不可得时,推荐使用偏差校正的非参数百分位Bootstrap方法.     

中介效应的三类区间估计方法

由于中介效应ab的估计量通常不是正态分布, 因此需用不对称置信区间进行中介效应分析。详述了三类获得不对称置信区间的方法, 包括乘积分布法(M法和经验M法)、Bootstrap方法(偏差校正和未校正的非参数百分位Bootstrap方法、偏差校正和未校正的参数百分位残差Bootstrap方法)和马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)方法。比较了三类方法在单层(简单和多重)和多层中介效应分析中的表现, 发现三类方法的表现相近, 与乘积分布法相比, 偏差校正的百分位Bootstrap方法表现较好, 但有先验信息的MCMC方法能更有效降低均方误。最后对中介效应不对称置信区间研究的拓展方向做了展望。     

A Markov Chain Analysis of Emotional Exchange in Voice‐to‐Voice Communication: Testing for the Mimicry Hypothesis of Emotional Contagion

Mimicry is a central plank of the emotional contagion theory; however, it was only tested with facial and postural emotional stimuli. This study explores the existence of mimicry in voice‐to‐voice communication by analyzing 8,747 sequences of emotional displays between customers and employees in a call‐center context. We listened live to 967 telephone interactions, registered the sequences of emotional displays, and analyzed them with a Markov chain. We also explored other propositions of emotional contagion theory that were yet to be tested in vocal contexts. Results supported that mimicry is significantly present at all levels. Our findings fill an important gap in the emotional contagion theory; have practical implications regarding voice‐to‐voice interactions; and open doors for future vocal mimicry research.