外显和内隐攻击性表现方式的性别差异实验研究

本研究同时运用问卷法和内隐联想测验(IAT)来研究我国大学生的攻击性。结果发现:1.整体外显攻击性不存在性别差异,但在身体攻击因素上男性显著高于女性。2.内隐攻击性在表现方式上存在性别差异,男性与身体攻击联系更紧密;女性与言语攻击联系更紧密。3.外显攻击性和内隐攻击性间的关系不能简单地根据相关系数来判断。     

运动员与大学生两类人群间内隐攻击性的实验研究

本研究采用IAT测量两类人群(即普通高校大学生与专业运动员)的内隐攻击性并且比较其内隐攻击性在程度上是否存在差异.研究发现个体在攻击性行为倾向上表现出自动化的特征,并且两类人群间内隐攻击性在程度上差异显著,普通大学生和专业运动员的内隐攻击性在性别方面差异不显著.     

社会同步对内隐攻击性的弱化作用: 影响注意偏向的眼动证据

社会同步作为“社会粘合剂”,能够对社会性产生明显的影响。本研究旨在考察社会同步对内隐攻击性弱化作用的认知机制。研究将45名内隐攻击性水平不同的被试随机分配为三组,完成在模棱两可情境下基于SIP模型的对敌意线索和非敌意线索的第一遍注视。研究结果进一步支持了解释优先模型。同时也表明,社会同步能够在一定程度上减弱高内隐攻击性个体的攻击性倾向,而不会对低内隐攻击性水平的个体产生负面影响。     

未成年人内隐攻击性特征的实验研究

以不同性质的词组为实验材料,以偏好组词为测量方法,随机抽取136名初一学生,采用被试内设计来探讨内隐状态下未成年人在不同攻击类型倾向性上的差异及其与性别间的关系。结果表明:偏好组词法测量内隐攻击性的有效性;未成年人同样存在明显的内隐攻击性;在内隐状态下,个体的身体攻击倾向性显著高于语言攻击倾向性并且具有较高的性别一致性。     

亲社会性视频游戏对内隐攻击性认知抑制效应的实验

利用亲社会性视频游戏和IAT测验,从内隐社会认知的角度研究亲社会性视频游戏对高中生内隐攻击性认知的影响,并分析影响是否具有性别差异和攻击特质差异。结果表明:(1)亲社会性视频游戏对高中生内隐攻击性认知的抑制效应显著;(2)游戏类型和性别对内隐攻击性认知的交互作用显著,亲社会性视频游戏更容易对女生的内隐攻击性认知产生抑制效应;(3)攻击特质对高中生的内隐攻击性认知的主效应显著,并且游戏类型和攻击特质对高中生内隐攻击性认知的交互作用显著,亲社会性视频游戏更容易对低攻击特质学生产生抑制效应。由此可见,亲社会性视频游戏能够有效抑制高中生的内隐攻击性认知水平。     

双重攻击模型的实证研究

本研究通过两个实验对双重攻击模型进行了验证.实验一借助实验性分离的逻辑,发现性别对内隐攻击性和外显攻击性存在不同影响,初步证明内隐攻击性和外显攻击性的分离论.实验二通过实证性因素分析,证明双重攻击模型具有较高的拟合参数.本研究证明内隐攻击性和外显攻击性分属两个不同的结构,构成双重攻击模型.     

网络游戏成瘾者的内隐攻击性研究

本研究通过IAT对网络游戏成瘾者的内隐攻击性进行了研究。研究表明:(1)与非网络游戏成瘾者相比,网络游戏成瘾者持有自我攻击性信念和对攻击性的更为积极的内隐态度;(2)网络游戏成瘾者与非网络游戏成瘾者在外显攻击性上没有表现出显著差异。     

材料性质与内隐攻击性启动效应的实验研究

使用表示攻击和被攻击相互作用的动词为实验材料,随机抽取60名初一学生,采用3种加工类型×2种测验方式的混合设计来考察未成年人攻击性的某些内隐社会认知特征.结果表明(1)验证了先前有关攻击性内隐社会认知特征的研究;(2)汉字材料也能产生内隐攻击性的启动效应;(7)在未成年人身上也存在有内隐形式的攻击性.     

攻击性警戒-回避效应的实验研究

本研究通过信号检测论,对54名中学生的图片认知进行了研究。结果发现:(1)对中性图片的辨别力显著高于对攻击者和被攻击者的辨别力,证明了攻击性警戒-回避假设;(2)攻击者和中性图片的判断标准均低于对被攻击者的判断标准,证明存在内隐攻击性;(3)鉴别力d’和判断标准β的性别主效应均不显著,证明了内隐攻击性不存在性别差异。     

个体攻击性结构与自尊关系研究

本研究采用内隐联结测验,对个体攻击性结构和自尊关系进行了探讨。研究发现:(1)个体在外显攻击性、内隐攻击性在自尊上没有差异;(2)在高外显攻击性个体中,其自尊随着内隐攻击性增高而降低,在低外显攻击性个体中,自尊和内隐攻击性关系不紧密。     

内隐记忆研究的实验方法探索：启动效应计量方法的改进思路及其实验研究

以实验鉴定了常规的启动效应计量方法的有效性程度,并为客观地计量启动效应,创用了“超意识广度法”、“二次比较法”等．结果发现：（１）如被试数量较少,以不同补笔率为“基线值”所求得的启动效应之间发生显著差异的可能性存在;（２）超意识广度法能克服“阈下呈现刺激法”“分散注意法”的不足,为内隐记忆提供有利的识记情境;（３）“二次比较法”能为正常人内隐记忆的存在提供更为直接、可靠的证据,并能客观、精确地计量启动效应。     

Prior cognitive activity implicitly modulates subsequent emotional responses to subliminally presented emotional stimuli

It has been reported that engagement in several kinds of cognitive activity can successfully inhibit unpleasant emotions. In this study, we tried to replicate the previous finding that cognitive activity can modulate subsequent psychological and physiological emotional processes and to investigate whether prior cognitive activity can attenuate implicit emotional processes triggered by subliminal emotional stimuli. Sixty students were randomly divided into three groups (cognitive task group, noncognitive task group, control group). The cognitive task group was asked to engage in an n-back task, while the control group was asked to stay calm. The noncognitive task group was asked to do a handgrip-squeezing task. All participants then engaged in a version of a subliminal affective priming task where they were unconsciously exposed to affectively negative pictures. The cognitive task group showed lower negative experiences after the subliminal affective priming task and a substantial reduction in their heart rate responses, as compared with the other groups. These results provide evidence that engagement in cognitive activity can attenuate emotional processes in an automatic and unconscious manner.     

Guess what? Implicit motivation boosts the influence of subliminal information on choice

When is choice affected by subliminal messages? This question has fascinated scientists and lay people alike, but it is only recently that reliable empirical data began to emerge. In the current paper we bridge the literature on implicit motivation and that on subliminal persuasion. We suggest that motivation in general, and implicit motivation more specifically, plays an important role in subliminal persuasion: It sensitizes us to subliminal cues. To examine this hypothesis we developed a new paradigm that allows powerful tests of subliminal influences as well as stringent assessments of subliminality. The results of two experiments suggest that implicit motivation can enhance the effects of subliminal priming on choice.     

无意识自我控制目标启动对自我损耗的补偿效应

本研究基于对无意识目标启动的研究,采用阈上、阈下启动方式探讨无意识目标启动对自我损耗的补偿作用。实验1发现,阈上无意识目标启动能够有效提高自我控制,促进自控表现。实验2发现,阈下无意识目标启动对自我损耗存在补偿效应。上述结果提示,通过无意识启动方式激活自我控制目标,可以克服自我损耗的不良效应,且无需意识参与。     

汉语听觉阈下启动效应：来自听觉掩蔽启动范式的证据

使用汉语双字词为实验材料,采用听觉掩蔽启动范式,通过3个实验考察汉语听觉阈下启动效应。结果发现,真词的听觉阈下重复启动效应显著,并且听觉阈下重复启动效应不受启动、目标发音者性别一致性的影响。但真词的阈下语音、语素和语义启动效应及假词的阈下重复和首字启动效应都不显著。这些结果说明,听觉通道阈下呈现的汉语双字词的词汇水平信息可以得到无意识加工。汉语双字词的听觉阈下启动效应可能是基于启动词整词表征的无意识激活。     

长时语义记忆对阈下语义启动效应的影响

本文通过检测启动刺激的词频对阈下启动效应的影响,探讨了长时语义记忆在阈下语义启动中的作用。结果表明,对阈下启动刺激的感受性d′上,词频和练习的交互作用显著(p<0.05),高频刺激即使没有练习过的启动刺激也会产生启动效应,而对低频刺激只有练习过的启动刺激才会产生启动效应,说明长时语义记忆是影响阈下启动效应的重要因素之一。     

Implicit Theories of Organizational Power and Priming Effects on Managerial Power‐Sharing Decisions: An Experimental Study1

Over 60 years of research on participative leadership has documented the many benefits of power sharing in organizations. However, a common obstacle to power sharing is the unwillingness of those with power to share it. An experimental study is presented that investigated the effects of managers' implicit theories of power in organizations on their willingness to share power with subordinates. The study proposed that chronic differences in implicit power theories (the degree of competitive vs. cooperative beliefs and ideals regarding organizational power relations) would affect managers' decisions to share or withhold power. Subliminal priming was predicted to temporarily enhance the accessibility of these differences in implicit power theories, thereby fostering or inhibiting spontaneous decisions to share power. Results indicate that the subliminal priming of competitive theories of organizational power negatively influenced managers' immediate, spontaneous decisions to share power, whereas chronic differences in their implicit theories similarly affected their more systematic decisions to share power. The theoretical and applied contributions of the study are discussed.     

海洛因戒断者的阈下情绪启动研究

研究表明海洛因戒断者的情绪加工异常,但其阈下情绪加工是否异常尚无定论。本研究采用阈下情绪启动范式,考察其阈下情绪加工能力。结果：戒断组的反应时显著高于控制组;两组中,相比不一致、控制状态,一致状态反应时均显著最短;在戒断组中,不一致状态的反应时显著大于控制状态,负性图片的反应时显著大于正性图片,而在控制组中差异不显著。结论：戒断者存在阈下情绪启动效应,阈下情绪加工存在正性偏向,且能力弱于正常人。     

Subliminal or not? Comparing null-hypothesis and Bayesian methods for testing subliminal priming

A difficulty for reports of subliminal priming is demonstrating that participants who actually perceived the prime are not driving the priming effects. There are two conventional methods for testing this. One is to test whether a direct measure of stimulus perception is not significantly above chance on a group level. The other is to use regression to test if an indirect measure of stimulus processing is significantly above zero when the direct measure is at chance. Here we simulated samples in which we assumed that only participants who perceived the primes were primed by it. Conventional analyses applied to these samples had a very large error rate of falsely supporting subliminal priming. Calculating a Bayes factor for the samples very seldom falsely supported subliminal priming. We conclude that conventional tests are not reliable diagnostics of subliminal priming. Instead, we recommend that experimenters calculate a Bayes factor when investigating subliminal priming.