三位一体——一个现象学家的神学思考

现象学本身不是神学.现象学描写我们的非永久的、总是处于生存和消亡中的现实.但现象学对于神学不是无关痛痒的,不是中立的.正如它对于把相对的生存的诸向面的各种绝对化的做法是一种纠正一样,它也是一种对只在一种我们的生活现实的维度上设定和寻求永恒者的片面做法的纠正.它面对那种单一的灵魂深处的神秘论、那种单一的仁爱形而上学、那种单一的以自然为根基的形而上学,召唤我们回忆起我们生活中这个或那个被其忽略的和遗留下纯粹无常所带来的痛苦的向面.现象学只有从"三位一体"的宗教出发才能有助于拯救我们的整个现实.     

The Problem(s) of Constituting the Demos: A (Set of) Solution(s)

Ethical Theory and Moral Practice - When collective decisions should be made democratically, which people form the relevant demos? Many theorists think this question is an embarrassment to...     

团结互助与人类风险——从非洲角度思考团结互助

何谓团结互助（相互依存）？虽然说,“团结互助观念是我们社会关系的核心,在建设我们社区和促进人道行动的‘共生’状态中具有关键地位”（奥康特,2006：9）,但当我们从非洲角度思考这一观念时,则会遇到一些困难。假如把“非洲的团结互助”看成一种无私行为和独特价值观,便是忽略了当今的社会变化、城乡之间的交流和全球化的影响。     

Molecular (moment-to-moment) and molar (aggregate) analyses of behavior

Ten meanings or usages of the terms molecular and molar analyses are based on (1) numbers of responses, (2) durations of activities, (3) levels, (4) scales, (5) contiguity versus correlation, (6) behavioral standards, (7) function with or without structure, (8) local versus global phenomena, and (9) control by shaping of sequential moment-to-moment behavior. These usages reveal divisive viewpoints along with ambiguities in the Law of Effect, the definition of an operant, response strength, response probability, random behavior, time allocation, shaping, controlled versus uncontrolled operants, and roles for ordinary language. Usage 10 is less divisive and combines, and in that sense unifies, molecular behavior, defined as shaped moment-to-moment sequential behaving, and molar, defined as averages of aggregates of those shaped responses. It combines shaping, that establishes and changes operant behaviors, and strengthening that changes the amounts of those shaped behaviors. I conclude that general behavioral theory will combine strengthening with such methods as parametric, hybrid, or nonparametric shaping, and will use computational methods to simulate moment-to-moment behavior streams from which any aggregates of theoretical interest may be computed. Such a synthesis may not require different levels, scales, or new scientific paradigms.     

《易传》中"命"对"生"和"性"的统摄

就同一理论维度论,<易传>认为"生"、"性"同源于"命",即在"生"和"性"之间,"命"成为连接二者的契合点,"生"经由"命"转化为"性".<易传>讲"生"是基于阴阳"转易"的,由此出发则使"生生不已"成为"命"的基本内涵,而讲"性"则是基于"命"向万物之"顺承"的."命"的"生生不已"促成了"性"的积极有为,进而引领出一种乐观向上的人生态度.     

Generalized Rough Sets (Preclusivity Fuzzy-Intuitionistic (BZ) Lattices)

The standard Pawlak approach to rough set theory, as an approximation space consisting of a universe U and an equivalence (indiscernibility) relation R U x U, can be equivalently described by the induced preclusivity ("discernibility") relation U x U \ R, which is irreflexive and symmetric.We generalize the notion of approximation space as a pair consisting of a universe U and a discernibility or preclusivity (irreflexive and symmetric) relation, not necessarily induced from an equivalence relation. In this case the "elementary" sets are not mutually disjoint, but all the theory of generalized rough sets can be developed in analogy with the standard Pawlak approach. On the power set of the universe, the algebraic structure of the quasi fuzzy-intuitionistic "classical" (BZ) lattice is introduced and the sets of all "closed" and of all "open" definable sets with the associated complete (in general nondistributive) ortholattice structures are singled out.The rough approximation of any fixed subset of the universe is the pair consisting of the best "open" approximation from the bottom and the best "closed" approximation from the top. The properties of this generalized rough approximation mapping are studied in the context of quasi-BZ lattice structures of "closed-open" ordered pairs (the "algebraic logic" of generalized rough set theory), comparing the results with the standard Pawlak approach. A particular weak form of rough representation is also studied.     

知道感（FOK）和不知道感（FOnK）的双向实验分离

为了实现FOK（feeling-of-knowing）和FonK（feeling-of-not-knowing）的双向分离,实验一采用高频词或者低频词为线索项目,检验FOK和FOnK的预测准确性。结果发现,在低频线索条件下FOK的预测准确性表现出高于FOnK的预测准确性的趋势,而在高频线索条件下则正好相反,但上述两组差异并未在统计学上达到显著的程度。实验二采用词－非词对和相关词对两种实验条件,在证明相关词对条件可以促进FOK并降低FOnK的同时,观察到词－非词条件可以促进FOnK并降低FOK,从而在较为严格的意义上证明了FOK和FOnK是两个不同的维度的量。上述结果为知道感的“双过程假设”提供了进一步的实验证据     

Personality Psychology in Europe (Vol. 3) (Book)

This study explored the effect of defensive (i. e., fake-good) responding by substance-abusing patients on the scale scores of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-II; Millon, 1987). Patients asked to respond honestly (N = 62) had significantly higher scores on most of the scales than patients who were instructed to respond defensively (N = 62) and forensic subjects suspected of abusing psychoactive substances (N = 54). Significantly fewer subjects in the defensive responding simulation and the forensic group had elevated the Drug Dependence and Alcohol Dependence scales compared to the honestly responding patients. These results indicate that most drug-abusing individuals can conceal the presence of a substance-related disorder, as reflected by scale scores on the MCMI-II, if motivated to do so.     

SIKHI(SM)

This essay examines recent memorial practices and projects among the global Sikh community. These memorials range in form and scale from purpose-built museum buildings to candlelight vigils. Their peculiar placement as repositories of Sikh memory is juxtaposed with the memorial role already implicit in the architectural, spatial, and theoretical program of gurdwaras. By examining recently constructed memorial projects in and outside of Punjab, this essay calls for critical questioning of what (and who) is on display in Sikh museums and exhibits. The essay is essentially a study of the dialogue that is created as a result of the spatialization of Sikh identity and thought through memorial projects: (How) can a Sikh museum or memorial be as much a statement of Sikh socio-political identity as a gurdwara?     

哲学的第一任务：对发生的重新激活

如果“对我们所处的这个危机处境的起源,有一种目的论的历史意识”,而这种意识又构成了“先验现象学的一个独立导言”①,换言之,如果它能用来引导(我们)返回先验主体性;那么对哲学观念的阐明,也许就能使我们最终涉及理论态度的实存的构成。