病毒入胞机制的研究

病毒吸附、穿入宿主细胞是一个复杂的过程,多年来一直是病毒性疾病预防和治疗选择的靶点.对病毒入胞机制研究的不断深入,不仅使我们更好地理解、认识病毒的致病性,而且有助于抗病毒新药的开发和疫苗的研制.列举有关实例说明:病毒入胞机制是研究病毒与宿主细胞相互作用的重要环节,从而提出:病毒入胞机制研究具有丰富的哲学内涵.     

探讨人乳头瘤病毒L1蛋白功能及其临床意义

高危型别人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染在宫颈癌发生发展中具有重要作用。由于HPV L1蛋白结构特征及其精确的抗原特性,在粘附宿主细胞、识别病毒受体、协助病毒DNA的入胞转运中均发挥重要作用。检测患者宫颈损伤组织中L1蛋白的表达将有助于对患者是否具有传染性进行评估。本文将深刻思考HPV L1功能及其在感染机体并引发癌变的机制,以期更好的解读宫颈癌发病原理并最终应用于,强床治疗。     

探讨人乳头瘤病毒L1蛋白功能及其临床意义

高危型别人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染在宫颈癌发生发展中具有重要作用.由于HPV L1蛋白结构特征及其精确的抗原特性,在粘附宿主细胞、识别病毒受体、协助病毒DNA的入胞转运中均发挥重要作用.检测患者宫颈损伤组织中L1蛋白的表达将有助于对患者是否具有传染性进行评估.本文将深刻思考HPV L1功能及其在感染机体并引发癌变的机制,以期更好的解读宫颈癌发病原理并最终应用于临床治疗.     

HPV DNA整合、E2缺失与宫颈癌演变的关系

高危型人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染是宫颈癌发病的必要条件,而HPV DNA与宿主基因组的整合及由此导致的E2基因断裂可能是宫颈癌致癌机制的关键。本文将从HPV感染、病毒基因组与宿主染色体整合及宫颈癌的演变历程中以哲学视角思考HPV DNA整合、E2基因缺失及宫颈癌演变的辩证关系,以期更好地解读宫颈癌发病原理并最终应用于临床治疗。     

HPV DNA整合、E2缺失与宫颈癌演变的关系

高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染是宫颈癌发病的必要条件,而HPV DNA与宿主基因组的整合及由此导致的E2基因断裂可能是宫颈癌致癌机制的关键.本文将从HPV感染、病毒基因组与宿主染色体整合及宫颈癌的演变历程中以哲学视角思考HPV DNA整合、E2基因缺失及宫颈癌演变的辩证关系,以期更好地解读宫颈癌发病原理并最终应用于临床治疗.     

解读病毒性传染病的六大特点

病毒性传染病具有普遍性、依赖性、适应性、恶毒性、顽固性和难预防等六大特点.病毒性传染病分布广泛,种类繁多,病毒可以引起全身各个组织器官的病变;病毒必须依赖于宿主细胞,在其中复制和增殖,病毒具有"嗜袭性",进入人体后,各得其所,赖以生存.病毒具有高度变异性,变异株可以适应各种环境,有益于自身的延续;病毒可以引起全身各系统的病变,其中对于中枢神经系统的损害往往是致命性的;病毒具有不同的变种,随时可能发生不同的变异,难以研制出普遍有效的疫苗.     

树突状细胞在膀胱癌治疗中的应用

树突状细胞（dendritic cell,DC）是目前发现最强大的抗原提呈细胞（antigen presenting cell,APC）,能有效激发T细胞应答并诱导特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（cytotoxicity Tlymphocyte,CTL）生成。膀胱肿瘤是我国泌尿系统最常见的恶性肿瘤。国外发病率在男性泌尿生殖器肿瘤中仅次于前列腺癌,居第2位;我国膀胱癌发病率也逐年升高。利用DC疫苗接种宿主、诱导或增强宿主防御功能、提高机体免疫系统对肿瘤的特异杀伤能力,已成为晚期膀胱癌免疫治疗中的研究热点。     

骨损伤愈合与再生机理研究

1　骨折再生理论的更替1 1　骨传导理论10年前 ,我们所学到的[1] 关于骨折愈合的理论是爬行替代 (Ｃｒｅｅｐｉｎｇｓｕｂｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ)学说 ,它是由Ａｘ ｈａｕｓｅｎ 190 7～ 1911年提出的 ,一直沿用了 80多年。以植骨为例 ,长期以来 ,一直认为同种植骨片的大部分细胞都将死去 ,一方面由破骨细胞吸收植骨片 ,一方面由宿主骨床的外骨膜、内骨膜、骨髓和周围的软组织向死亡的植骨片内长入血管和间充质细胞以及软骨母细胞、软骨细胞、骨母细胞和骨细胞 ,产生新的软骨和骨组织 ,取代死骨 ,从而使植骨片复活 ,成为宿主的新骨 ,修复骨缺损…     

树突状细胞在膀胱癌治疗中的应用

树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)是目前发现最强大的抗原提呈细胞(antigen presenting cell,APC),能有效激发T细胞应答并诱导特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxicityTlymphocyte,CTL)生成.膀胱肿瘤是我国泌尿系统最常见的恶性肿瘤.国外发病率在男性泌尿生殖器肿瘤中仅次于前列腺癌,居第2位;我国膀胱癌发病率也逐年升高.利用DC疫苗接种宿主、诱导或增强宿主防御功能、提高机体免疫系统对肿瘤的特异杀伤能力,已成为晚期膀胱癌免疫治疗中的研究热点.     

单次低剂量放疗联合BTV- HbC3对小鼠前列腺癌细胞的杀伤效应

本文主要研究蓝舌病毒湖北株(BTV- HbC3)联合单次低剂量放疗对小鼠前列腺癌细胞(RM1 cell)杀伤作用,并探讨蓝舌病毒联合放疗能增强对小鼠前列腺癌细胞的杀伤效应.实验过程中首先采用Vero细胞扩增BTV- HbC3病毒,而后用其感染RM1细胞,24h后予以单次低剂量放疗后观察其细胞病变效应.并以CCK-8法研究放疗加病毒后致细胞病变率的特征.检测实验结果发现BTV加放疗组比单因素处理组出现更加明显的细胞病变效应,细胞内出现大量病毒颗粒,细胞肿胀裂解.CCK-8法检测联合因素组细胞存活率明显降低.从而我们可以得出以下结论:BTV联合单次低剂量放疗能更加有效地杀死小鼠前列腺癌细胞,引起其编程性程序死亡.     

Popular and aggressive boys' initial social interaction patterns in cooperative and competitive settings

Thirty-two third- and fourth-grade popular and aggressive boys were observed individually attempting to enter a game being played by a mixed-status unfamiliar-peer dyad in both competitive and cooperative game settings. Consistent with previous findings, popular entry children were accepted more readily into the game situation than were aggressive children. Popular children tended to approach the situations using more prosocial questions while their aggressive peers tended to use demands. More differences in entry strategies were noted in the competitive than in the cooperative game setting. While most entry children directed their first entry bid toward the aggressive game host, they reported having liked the popular game host best when the game was finished. Additionally, the quality of game interactions was observed to become more positive following a popular child's entry, while becoming more negative following an aggressive child's entry. The results are discussed in terms of leadership roles and implications for both assessment and intervention settings and strategies.The authors wish to acknowledge the support and cooperation of the Greensboro, North Carolina, public and parochial schools, and the assistance of William Livingston.This paper was presented at the 19th Annual Convention of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Houston, Texas.     

Assessment of Social Competence of Boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Problematic Peer Entry,Host Responses,and Evaluations

Anecdotally and empirically, there is clear evidence that children with the Combined subtype of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) experience disturbed peer relations, yet the field has not clearly established the origin of these difficulties. This is the first known investigation to examine the role of peer entry as a means to determine the social competence of boys with ADHD as they joined lab-based games played by age-mates who were good friends but unfamiliar with entry boys. Observational data of entry boys and their hosts, plus coders’ ratings, indicate that 7- to 12-year-old boys with and without ADHD did not differ in the use of competent entry strategies known to lead to acceptance from peers. However, boys with ADHD relied more heavily on incompetent entry strategies (e.g., disruptive attention-getting) known to exacerbate negative peer reputation. In addition, they failed to apply a frame-of-reference that was relevant to host boys’ ongoing activity. As such, host boys considered boys with ADHD less likeable as they spent more time with them. This pattern of findings has theoretical implications and informs the foci of social skills interventions for children with ADHD.     

Proactive Socialization and Behavioral Self-Management

The purpose of this study was to examine behavioral self-management as a form of newcomer proactive socialization behavior. A longitudinal field study was conducted with a sample of 153 entry-level professionals who completed questionnaires during their first month of entry and 6 months after entry. The results indicated that self-management behavior was related to newcomers’ general anxiety and stress at entry, and to internal motivation, ability to cope, and task-specific anxiety 6 months later. In addition, anxiety and stress at entry were found to mediate the relationships between self-management and ability to cope and task-specific anxiety. The research and practical implications of these findings are discussed. It is recommended that future research integrate the self-management and information seeking perspectives to provide a more complete theory of proactive socialization.     

Beyond Ethics to Morality: Choices and Relationships in Bicultural Research Settings

As community and applied social psychologists, it is crucial that we know ourselves as cultural beings, appreciate the values and beliefs of those with whom we work and understand the history of relations among those in our work settings. In New Zealand, research by non‐Māori involving Māori has often mirrored the harmful colonising practices of the nation's wider history. In response, several frameworks have been developed setting out conditions and guidelines in which non‐Māori might conduct research in Māori settings responsibly and usefully. Nevertheless, views differ on the ways, and extent to which, non‐Māori might be involved. Most guidelines do not provide answers to ethical nuances that may arise. This article discusses the experiences of a non‐Māori community psychologist engaging in research in a predominantly Māori setting. It describes how the first author carefully negotiated entry into the setting, built relationships based on mutuality, sought expert guidance, exercised an ethic of caring, and ensured that the research was accountable to the community. We believe that there are important lessons here for researchers from dominant groups undertaking research in indigenous and minority communities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Note on Justice,Care, and Immigration Policy

Should a “caring” immigration policy give special treatment to would-be immigrants who are near neighbors? It is argued that, while those on our borders requesting entry have some special claim, it should not drown out the claims of more distant applicants for citizenship.     

Alcohol expectancy multiaxial assessment: a memory network-based approach

Despite several decades of activity, alcohol expectancy research has yet to merge measurement approaches with developing memory theory. This article offers an expectancy assessment approach built on a conceptualization of expectancy as an information processing network. The authors began with multidimensional scaling models of expectancy space, which served as heuristics to suggest confirmatory factor analytic dimensional models for entry into covariance structure predictive models. It is argued that this approach permits a relatively thorough assessment of the broad range of potential expectancy dimensions in a format that is very flexible in terms of instrument length and specificity versus breadth of focus.     

When the "I" looks at the "Me": autobiographical memory, visual perspective, and the self

This article presents a theoretical model of the self processes involved in autobiographical memories and proposes competing hypotheses for the role of visual perspective in autobiographical memory retrieval. Autobiographical memories can be retrieved from either the 1st person perspective, in which individuals see the event through their own eyes, or from the 3rd person perspective, in which individuals see themselves and the event from the perspective of an external observer. A growing body of research suggests that the visual perspective from which a memory is retrieved has important implications for a person’s thoughts, feelings, and goals, and is integrally related to a host of self-evaluative processes. We review the relevant research literature, present our theoretical model, and outline directions for future research.     

“Beyond words”: a researcher’s guide to using photo elicitation in psychology

The use of photo elicitation is limited within the field of psychology despite its theoretical and practical potential. It offers significant benefits as a qualitative method that could present a new and interesting way of exploring previously understood topics within the discipline. Within our discussion, we present a step-by-step guide outlining the key practical stages and ethical assurances involved in photo elicitation research, using our ongoing research as an illustrative example. It is intended that this could be used as a model of good practice for developing research paradigms beyond those typically used within the psychology discipline.     

Engaged,Embedded, Enjoined: Science and Technology Studies in the National Science Foundation

Engaged scholarship is an intellectual movement sweeping across higher education, not only in the social and behavioral sciences but also in fields of natural science and engineering. It is predicated on the idea that major advances in knowledge will transpire when scholars, while pursuing their research interests, also consider addressing the core problems confronting society. For a workable engaged agenda in science and technology studies, one that informs scholarship as well as shapes practice and policy, the traditional terms of engagement must be renegotiated to be more open and mutual than has historically characterized the nature of inquiry in this field. At the same time, it is essential to protect individual privacy and preserve government confidentiality. Yet there is a scientific possibility for and benefit to introducing more collaborative and deliberative research approaches between scholar and subject in ways that will not violate these first-order ethics. To make the case, this article discusses the possibilities and perils of engaged science and technology scholarship by drawing on our own recent experiences to conduct and apply STS research while embedded in the National Science Foundation. Brief accounts of these experiences reveal the opportunities as well as the challenges of engaged scholarship. They also provide lessons for those fellow travelers who might follow the authors to this or other like host organizations with ambitions of increasing fundamental knowledge about and applying research to the policies, programs, and decisions of the scientific enterprise.     

Selection-based virtual keyboard prototypes and data collection application

An emerging area of research in engineering psychology is the evaluation of text entry for mobile devices using a small number of keys for the control of cursor direction and character selection from a matrix of characters (i.e., selection-based data entry). The present article describes a software tool designed to reduce time and effort in the development of prototypes of alternative selection-based text-entry schemes and their empirical evaluation. The tool, available for distribution to researchers, educators, and students, uses Action Script code compiled into an executable file that has an embedded Adobe Flash Player and is compatible with most operating systems (including Microsoft Windows, Apple OSX, and Linux).