假言推理的否定词效应

介绍假言推理中的4种否定词效应,以及相关的理论模型。被试在进行假言推理时,对前提或结论所表示的事件加进了否定词, 产生了一系列的心理效应。研究发现,范畴前提含有否定词,被试更难做出正确的推论;如果结论中含有否定词,被试却更容易做出正确的推论。为此,心理模型理论,规则理论,概率模型理论以及我国的学者对该问题都作了研究和阐述。     

哥德尔的直觉主义逻辑思想

哥德尔（Kurt Godel）是现代逻辑史上的巨匠，他在逻辑史上有两大贡献：一是他证明了罗素和怀特海在《数学原理》中提出的一阶逻辑演算的完全性定理（1930），即任何有效的一阶公式都是可证的。二是他证明了著名的不完全性定理（1931），《数学原理》的系统和集合论的ZF公理系统不足以判定能在这些系统中形式化的所有数学问题...     

基于直觉主义逻辑的隐偏好分析

根据偏好及其变化是否在逻辑语言及语义模型中有直接的反映,可以将其分为隐偏好和显偏好。本文旨在对含有隐偏好信息的逻辑进行研究,基于对直觉主义逻辑中的认知信息的分析,通过修改直觉主义逻辑的语义解释提出了隐偏好逻辑,并证明了该逻辑系统的可靠性和相对于可区分模型类的完全性;最后,通过定义哥德尔式的翻译映射将隐偏好逻辑嵌入到偏好逻辑中。     

直觉主义认知逻辑与不同程度的真

直觉主义认知逻辑IEL不仅为邱奇–费奇悖论提供了解悖思路,还促进了直觉主义认识论的研究。IEL的构建旨在遵循BHK解释,以“直觉主义知识就是证实的结果”作为核心观点,接纳A→KA和KA→??A。IEL的预期解释借助“证实”概念给出了“直觉主义知识KA的证明”的定义,并以此扩展BHK解释。但直觉主义逻辑依赖于直觉主义数学,这使得BHK解释的核心在于对构造性证明的要求,基于此,IEL的预期解释偏离了BHK解释的初衷,进而IEL未能达到预期构建目标。通过对KA作新解读,能引出直觉主义真和经典真之间不同程度的真,IEL系统的一些重要内定理也将获得新理解。此外,关于IEL系统对应问题的一个猜测被提出来。     

基于构造性思想的直觉主义逻辑证明语义

布劳威尔的直觉主义把数学理解为心智的构造性活动,只接受心智可构造的数学对象和数学证明。在直觉主义看来,判定一个命题为真必须要给出这个命题的构造性证明,对逻辑联结词及量词的理解也是基于构造性立场的。本文构建了直觉主义逻辑的证明语义,这是一种内涵语义,其特点是:遵循构造性思想、尽量贴近直观、避免使用集合概念,语义解释从具体命题、具体对象(个体)、具体性质和关系等出发,使具体命题成为"公式解释"和"直观有效"概念的基础。进而在这种语义下证明了直觉主义命题逻辑和谓词逻辑的可靠性。     

对传统逻辑的有力挑战——评《经典逻辑与直觉主义逻辑》

直觉主义哲学是一种反理性主义的唯心主义哲学思潮。数学研究中的构造主义是一种有关数学基础的观点,它主张自然数及其某些规律和方法,特别是数学归纳法,是可靠的出发点,其它一切数学对象和理论都应该从自然数构造出来。所谓“构造”出来,是指:(1)对存在命题“有X具有A性质”的一个证明,必须根据该证明能找到一个特殊的对象X,X满足A;(2)只有在有一个方法能判明一命题或其否定中有一个是真的条件下,才能承认该命题或者其否定为真,不承认任一命题非真即假。直觉主义哲学家不一定建立一套构造性数学;从事构造性数学研究的数学家也不一定信仰直觉主义哲学。构造性数学是数学的一个部分。直觉主义逻辑,也称构造逻辑,是从事构     

批判梁漱溟的直觉主义

梁漱溟先生说:“他不是哲学家,也不是学問家,他是有思想的人”;或者说:“他是一个有思想又且本着他的思想而行动的人”;“如其说他是一个思想家,同时又是一个社会改造运动者,那就十分恭維了。”梁漱冥先生是以思想自豪的,同时他自己認为他是本着他的思想而行动的人。他的思想和行动,直到一九四九年“中國文化要义”出版的时候,都是反馬克思列寧主义、反党、反革命、反人民的。梁先生在政治协商会議第二届全团委員会第二次全体会上的發言是值得我們欢迎的。他承認了他在階級問題上的錯誤,他表示了自从党領導建國以來,偉大的成就鼓舞了他,他要跟大家一起前進,梁先生的思想改造从此一定会很順利地進行。但他的哲学思想曾經長期地而且大量地流行过,它的殘余业还沒有肃清,所以这一思想底極端反动性应該揭露,批判它仍然是思想工作者迫切的任务。本文着重批判梁漱溟的直觉主义。     

直觉主义逻辑上的Friedman-Sheard理论

文章通过削弱经典的Friedman-Sheard理论的逻辑基础,讨论了基于直觉主义逻辑的IFS理论。通过将直觉主义逻辑的语义学与修正语义学相结合,文章提出了直觉主义修正语义学,并证明了IFS可以将这种直觉主义修正语义学公理化至第一个极限序数。文章在最后证明了FS可以通过否定性转换嵌入IFS。     

论乔纳森·海特的社会直觉主义理论

社会直觉主义是当代美国社会心理学家乔纳森.海特提出的一种较为系统的道德心理学理论,在道德心理学、道德哲学和政治文化研究领域有一定的影响。这一理论主要包括两个组成部分,一是关于道德判断的工作模式,一是关于道德的来源。社会直觉主义有许多值得关注和借鉴的成分,同时也存在一些需要进一步反思和研究的问题。     

论切若夫斯基的伦理直觉主义

本文旨在论述 T.切若夫斯基的元伦理学观点,并力图对它们进行理论归类。我还要简要说明切若夫斯基的哲学同其他一些哲学思潮、特别是 F.布伦坦诺的哲学思想的某些联系,后者对里沃夫-华沙学派有着特殊的影响。切若夫斯基探讨过布伦坦诺的理论,接受了其中的部分观点,又从其余的观点得到启发,把它们作为自己哲学见解的出发点,从而发展了自己的伦理思想。     

Exemplarity Between Tradition and Critique

Moral exemplarism, which insists on the centrality of particular embodiments of exemplary virtue to the moral life, is currently receiving significant attention within moral philosophy as well as theological and religious ethics. This introductory essay situates the contributions made by this focus issue on moral exemplarity in relation to the history of attention to moral exemplars, the twentieth‐century turn to virtue, philosopher Linda Zagzebski’s exemplarist moral theory, Stanley Hauerwas’s particularist embrace of Christian discipleship, Foucauldian turns to critique and self‐cultivation, and the significance of exemplars in Jeffrey Stout’s democratic piety. Arguing for the critical importance of articulating the authority of exemplars, this essay points to the ways in which the present focus can assist us to navigate between the shoals of nostalgic deference to tradition and dismissive critiques of authoritarianism.     

Non-Classical Negation in the Works of Helena Rasiowa and Their Impact on the Theory of Negation

The paper is devoted to the contributions of Helena Rasiowa to the theory of non-classical negation. The main results of Rasiowa in this area concerns–constructive logic with strong (Nelson) negation,–intuitionistic negation and some of its generalizations: minimal negation of Johansson and semi-negation.We discuss also the impact of Rasiowa works on the theory of non-classical negation.A lecture presented at the International Conference Trends in Logic III : A. Mostowski, H. Rasiowa and C. Rauszer in memoriam, Warsaw, Ruciane-Nida September 23-26, 2005.     

认知与误读--宋代儒士佛教思想论略

至有宋一代,佛教已成为中国思想文化的一个重要组成部分。宋代儒士对佛教常识、佛教教义都有较深入的认知与把握,但也存在大面积的误读;宋代儒士一方面主观地批佛、排佛,另一方面却客观地成就了“批判的佛教”。宋代儒士对佛教的认识、理解和评价,不仅有助于弄清宋代新儒学与佛教之关系,也有助于进一步把握宋代学术之分野,而且可以加深我们对佛教中国化的理解。     

哲学与科学的短路——德雷福斯人工智能批判的局限

美国哲学家德雷福斯对人工智能的批判是现象学和技术哲学中的经典案例。他所动用的现象学资源包括胡塞尔的意向性和"生活世界"、海德格尔的"在世"、梅洛—庞蒂的知觉和身体理论。从斯洛文尼亚哲学家齐泽克的视角来看,德雷福斯的"海德格尔式的认知主义"是典型的对现象学的"美国式挪用",而他将哲学化约为科学造成了哲学与科学的"短路",从而错失了现象学(或哲学)的超越论的维度。     

Gentzen-Type Methods for Bilattice Negation

A general Gentzen-style framework for handling both bilattice (or strong) negation and usual negation is introduced based on the characterization of negation by a modal-like operator. This framework is regarded as an extension, generalization or re- finement of not only bilattice logics and logics with strong negation, but also traditional logics including classical logic LK, classical modal logic S4 and classical linear logic CL. Cut-elimination theorems are proved for a variety of proposed sequent calculi including CLS (a conservative extension of CL) and CLS_cw (a conservative extension of some bilattice logics, LK and S4). Completeness theorems are given for these calculi with respect to phase semantics, for SLK (a conservative extension and fragment of LK and CLS_cw, respectively) with respect to a classical-like semantics, and for SS4 (a conservative extension and fragment of S4 and CLScw, respectively) with respect to a Kripke-type semantics. The proposed framework allows for an embedding of the proposed calculi into LK, S4 and CL.     

Critique of Kernberg and Langs

Otto Kernberg has brought psychoanalysis back to its origins, and embraced the English Psychoanalytic school of Fairbairn, Winnecott, Klein, Jacobson and Mahler. The main emphasis is on object relations, and the focus is on the patient'ssubjective experience. Langs has had a considerable impact on psychotherapists. He pulls out exactly what happens in a session in his book, based on tapes of control sessions. His approach, however, violates the therapist's humanity and his feeling for the patient. It reinforces defenses, but dehumanizes the patient.     

Canonical Extensions and Relational Representations of Lattices with Negation

This work is part of a wider investigation into lattice-structured algebras and associated dual representations obtained via the methodology of canonical extensions. To this end, here we study lattices, not necessarily distributive, with negation operations.We consider equational classes of lattices equipped with a negation operation ¬ which is dually self-adjoint (the pair (¬,¬) is a Galois connection) and other axioms are added so as to give classes of lattices in which the negation is De Morgan, orthonegation, antilogism, pseudocomplementation or weak pseudocomplementation. These classes are shown to be canonical and dual relational structures are given in a generalized Kripke-style. The fact that the negation is dually self-adjoint plays an important role here, as it implies that it sends arbitrary joins to meets and that will allow us to define the dual structures in a uniform way.Among these classes, all but one—that of lattices with a negation which is an antilogism—were previously studied by W. Dzik, E. Or?owska and C. van Alten using Urquhart duality.In some cases in which a given axiom does not imply that negation is dually self-adjoint, canonicity is proven with the weaker assumption of antitonicity of the negation.     

Review and Critique of Jesus

A review and critique of the psychological biography of Jesus by Donald Capps underscores in the life and times of the founder of Christianity the management of narcissism and acute melancholia by males who would rise to deeply heartfelt religious leadership, but find themselves filled with frustration and personal anguish in the process. Jesus had a self-identity that was forged in such psychological trials. His personality was neither that of an other-worldly apolcalypticist nor one of a this-worldly social reformer. Rather, Jesus had a utopian-melancholic personality, which noticeably characterizes many men in contemporary times who would engage in a spiritual quest.     

中风病简化辨证的哲学思考

中风病分阴证和阳证为纲辨治,不但有是充分的实践依据和理论基础,而且符合哲学的否定之否定定律。从中风病简化辨证的必要性,中风病阴阳辨证的发展,中风病的病因病机、证候属性可从阴阳两方面认识,中风病阴阳为纲辨证方法符合哲学否定之否定定律4方面进行了论述。     

视觉符号否定的加工进程

本研究采用图-词匹配的判断任务探讨视觉符号否定的加工机制, 设计3个实验, 分别探讨视觉符号否定在加工早期(250 ms)、中期(750 ms)及晚期(1500 ms)的心理模拟特点。结果发现, 在视觉符号否定加工的早期、中期及晚期, 与真实状态匹配的否定相关词的反应时都显著快于与被否定状态匹配的肯定相关词。该结果表明, 与文字符号否定加工的两步模拟假设不同, 在视觉符号否定的加工中, 被试在早期就模拟了事件的真实状态, 并在中期和晚期一直保持该状态的表征, 符合一步模拟假设; 此外, 被否定信息加工的抑制/保存假设得到支持。