自适应背景焦点显示技术在遥操作中的应用

遥操作界面中可视信息的有效呈现是提高操作绩效的重要途径。本研究提出自适应背景焦点显示技术原型,构建新型遥操作显示平台,并通过比较不同显示条件下遥操作绩效,考察其应用有效性及特点。结果显示：1）相比其他显示（单一纠正信息、单一指导信息、恒定背景信息和无背景信息）,自适应背景焦点显示可有效提高操作绩效;2）在降低主观负荷方面,单一纠正信息显示显著优于其他显示。本研究结果为遥操作显示界面的优化提供了新思路。     

A vector graphic CRT display system

A vector graphic CRT display system for research in visual information processing is described. The vector graphic processor includes a 4K-byte display memory. The processor communicates with the controlling computer via a serial channel. The system is capable of exposure durations below 1 msec, and it allows on-line generation and modification of display files during an experiment. Brightness can be controlled separately for each vector of a picture. A graphic display editor in FORTRAN IV for interactive editing and debugging of display files has been developed.     

Circular vection as a function of the relative sizes, distances, and positions of two competing visual displays

In studies where it is reported that illusory self-rotation (circular vection) is induced more by peripheral displays than by central displays, eccentricity may have been confounded with perceived relative distance and area. Experiments are reported in which the direction and magnitude of vection induced by a central display in the presence of a surround display were measured. The displays varied in relative distance and area and were presented in isolation, with one moving and one stationary display, or with both moving in opposite directions. A more distant display had more influence over vection than a near display. A central display induced vection if seen in isolation or through a 'window' in a stationary surrounding display. Motion of a more distant central display weakened vection induced by a nearer surrounding display moving the other way. When the two displays had the same area their effects almost cancelled. A moving central display nearer than a textured stationary surround produced vection in the same direction as the moving stimulus. This phenomenon is termed 'contrast-motion vecton' because it is probably due to illusory motion of the surround induced by motion of the centre. Unequivocal statements about the dominance of an eccentric display over a central display cannot be made without considering the relative distances and sizes of the displays and the motion contrast between them.     

Emotional display rules and emotional labor: the moderating role of commitment

The authors examined whether commitment to emotional display rules is a necessary condition for emotional display rules to affect behavior at work. Results using structural equation modeling revealed that display rule commitment moderated the relationships of emotional display rule perceptions with surface acting, deep acting, and positive affective delivery at work, such that the relationships were strong and positive when commitment to display rules was high and weak when commitment to display rules was low. These findings suggest that motivation plays a role in the emotional labor process in that individuals must be committed to display rules for these rules to affect behavior.     

模糊产品展示对产品态度的影响机制

本文基于关联习得理论, 探讨了模糊产品展示对产品态度的影响。结合4个实验的结果, 发现模糊产品展示对产品态度的影响呈现倒U型。相比于低模糊度的产品展示, 中等模糊度的产品展示能够激发更高水平的柔软度感知, 进而提升产品质量评价, 最终导致产品态度更积极。但过高模糊度的产品展示会激发消费者强烈的消极情绪, 消极情绪对产品态度的消极影响会抵消掉柔软度感知的积极影响, 最终导致产品态度的降低。     

Selective encoding from multielement visual displays

When a multiletter display is preceded by a bar designating one of the letters for report, reaction time (RT) to voice the indicated letter decreases. Previous research had indicated that the efficiency of this selective mechanism decreases as the number of display elements increases. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the effect of display size could be eliminated when the indicator precedes the display at long intervals. Results indicated that the display size effect was maintained. The results could not be attributed to eye movements, but were interpreted in terms of a central encoding mechanism that is limited in its precision of localization and exclusion.     

基于认知特性的信息显示方式

大规模信息的不断涌现使目前的WIMP界面显示方式已无法满足信息显示的要求,同时也给人们处理和理解信息带来极大的困难.本文从认知工效学的角度,深入分析了目前WIMP界面中信息显示与交互方式所存在问题及其原因,并对近年来信息可视化领域中出现的焦点与场景(focus+context)显示技术作了简要的介绍,进一步分析了该技术所面临的挑战.     

Detection of informational constraints related to multi-variate visual displays

A contingent uncertainty of one bit is perceptible when imposed upon a combination of two binary-coded visual display variables, but not when imposed upon a combination of three variables. Why? The limitation may be sought in the average amount of the constraint, in the form of the constraint, or in the particular selection of display variables. Tests were carried out in which apparently equivalent informational constraints were imposed upon a single display variable. Such constraints were highly discriminable. Further tests reveal that the limiting feature for the detection of multi-variate constraints is probably the mean constraint level, averaged over all display elements, rather than the constraint level imposed upon the constrained display elements.     

Effect of display size on visual attention

Attention plays an important role in the design of human-machine interfaces. However, current knowledge about attention is largely based on data obtained when using devices of moderate display size. With advancement in display technology comes the need for understanding attention behavior over a wider range of viewing sizes. The effect of display size on test participants' visual search performance was studied. The participants (N = 12) performed two types of visual search tasks, that is, parallel and serial search, under three display-size conditions (16 degrees, 32 degrees, and 60 degrees). Serial, but not parallel, search was affected by display size. In the serial task, mean reaction time for detecting a target increased with the display size.     

The Effect of Fiction on Religious Studies Display Shelves in an Academic Library

Abstract

The religious studies librarians at Brigham Young University (BYU) began a book display research project to examine the circulation rates of religious studies titles placed on display and to specifically evaluate the impact of religious fiction on that display in an academic library. Student employees were tasked with curating the displays over several years and maintaining a spreadsheet with the titles displayed and resulting checkout rates. Religious fiction (from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saint tradition) circulated over 80% the first three years, higher than the religious nonfiction on display and the same genre in the stacks. In the final year of study when almost no fiction was displayed and a higher quantity of items were placed on the shelves, the display circulation rates fell sharply. All books on the display circulated better when there was a portion of both nonfiction and fiction and when the shelves held fewer items. The data clearly showed that religious fiction is an important genre to display in an academic library.     

Novel popout is an attention-based phenomenon: an ERP analysis

When observers are given a brief glimpse of a display containing one novel object and three repeated objects, they are often better able to report the location of the novel object than the location of any one of the repeated objects. The present study contrasted two interpretations of this "novel popout" effect. The attention-based interpretation suggests that the novel popout is an attentional phenomenon, occurring during the initial processing of the four-object display. The retrieval-based interpretation suggests that novel popout is due to differential processing occurring when observers are subsequently probed for the location of one of the objects in the display. ERP measures recorded while subjects performed the novel popout task revealed differences during the initial processing of the four-object display but not subsequent to the presentation of a localization probe. The findings are most consistent with the attention-based interpretation of novel popout, which suggests that attention is rapidly drawn to the novel object in an otherwise familiar display.     

Detection of one-, two-, and three-dimensional Markov constraints in visual displays II: Multistate displays.

The study of the depth of visual information processing is here extended to multistate displays. Two classes of variables are distinguished: display variables which may either be fixed at a single level or varied over its possible levels, e.g., a numeric character, its brightness, and its orientation; and spatial-temporal variables which assume all possible states within each display, e.g., the x- and y-coordinates of the display, and the time-coordinate, t, representing successive frames of the display. Information was encoded in terms of constraints upon combinations of variables. Excellent discrimination is achieved for detecting constraints among two, but not three, display variables; or for detecting constraints among one, but not two, display variables and up to three spatial-temporal variables. Comparisons are made with previous tests of the depth of visual information processing with binary-coded materials within the spatial-temporal microstructure of the display.     

Visual memory performance for color depends on spatiotemporal context

Performance on visual short-term memory for features has been known to depend on stimulus complexity, spatial layout, and feature context. However, with few exceptions, memory capacity has been measured for abruptly appearing, single-instance displays. In everyday life, objects often have a spatiotemporal history as they or the observer move around. In three experiments, we investigated the effect of spatiotemporal history on explicit memory for color. Observers saw a memory display emerge from behind a wall, after which it disappeared again. The test display then emerged from either the same side as the memory display or the opposite side. In the first two experiments, memory improved for intermediate set sizes when the test display emerged in the same way as the memory display. A third experiment then showed that the benefit was tied to the original motion trajectory and not to the display object per se. The results indicate that memory for color is embedded in a richer episodic context that includes the spatiotemporal history of the display.     

Why does service with a smile make employees happy? A social interaction model

Drawing on the social interaction model, we examine the mediating role that the customer's display of positive emotions plays on the relationship between the employee's display of positive emotions and the employee's positive mood. We also examine the moderating role that the customer's personality traits-agreeableness, extraversion, and emotional stability-play on the relationship between the employee's display of positive emotions and the customer's display of positive emotions. The results show that the customer's display of positive emotions mediates the relationship between the employee's display of positive emotions and the employee's positive mood. In addition, the customer's personality traits moderate the relationship between the employee's display of positive emotions and the customer's display of positive emotions. The customer's display of positive emotions depends less on the employee's display of positive emotions when the customer has high levels of agreeableness and emotional stability than when the customer has low levels of agreeableness and emotional stability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).     

How infants grasp two adjacent objects: effects of perceived display composition on infants’ actions

In this research, 12.5- and 9.5-month-old infants’ use of information about the composition of a display to guide their actions on the display was examined. The display was composed of two pieces that were either glued together (the one-object display) or not (the two-object display). At the beginning of the session, the composition of the display was revealed to the infant and then the display was placed on the table within the infant’s reach. When resting on the table, these two versions of the display were indistinguishable. The results showed that the 12.5-month-old infants reached with one hand after they had experience with the display as a single object, and with two hands if they had experience with the display as two separate objects. The 12.5-month-old infants also placed their grasps differently depending upon the experienced composition: infants who experienced a single object tended to distribute their reaches evenly along the display, whereas infants who experienced two separate objects placed their reaches toward the outer ends of the display, avoiding the boundary between the two pieces. In contrast, the 9.5-month-old infants reached with one hand for both the one-object and the two-object displays, and their reaches did not show a difference in the distribution pattern that could be traced back to the infants’ prior experience with the composition of the display they were grasping.     

Departure from the onset-onset rule

Using a signal-detection task, the generality of Turvey’s (1973) onset-onset rule was tested in our experiments. After seeing, in succession, (1) one or two letters (target display), (2) a multiletter detection display, and (3) a mask display, subjects decided whether or not the letter or letters in the target display reappeared in the succeeding detection display at different levels of detection-display duration in various situations. The subjects’ sensitivity was inconsistent with the onset-onset rule. More specifically, sensitivity increased with increases in display duration within a fixed stimulus onset asynchrony of 150 msec. Display duration, however, had no effect on response bias. Nor was there any interaction between display duration and display size in terms of either sensitivity or response bias. The more complicated relationship between display duration and display size does not invalidate the departure from the onset-onset rule.     

A rotator for X/Y oscilloscope displays

A simple and relatively inexpensive electronic circuit is described that will generate the Cartesian coordinates of a rotated display for both the X- and Y-axes of a conventional oscilloscope type of display monitor. The device will rotate the display through fixed angles and possesses the merits of very low intrinsic noise and extremely high speeds of response. It is particularly suited for computer control of stimulus orientation in psychophysical investigations of spatial contrast vision.     

Effect of stationary objects on illusory forward self-motion induced by a looming display

It has previously been shown that when a moving and a stationary display are superimposed, illusory self-rotation (circular vection) is induced only when the moving display appears as the background. Three experiments are reported on the extent to which illusory forward self-motion (forward vection) induced by a looming display is inhibited by a superimposed stationary display as a function of the size and location of the stationary display and of the depth between the stationary and looming displays. Results showed that forward vection was controlled by the display that was perceived as the background, and background stationary displays suppressed forward vection by about the same amount whatever their size and eccentricity. Also, the perception of foreground-background properties of competing displays determined which controlled forward vection, and this control was not tied to specific depth cues. The inhibitory effect of a stationary background on forward vection was, however, weaker than that found with circular vection. This difference makes sense because, for forward body motion, the image of a distant scene is virtually stationary whereas, when the body rotates, it is not.     

折中效应的整合性机制

摘要：文中通过导入适应水平理论,使用二分类Logistics回归模型分析复合因素下折中效应的变化规律。共有以下发现：第一,信息提示方式对于折中效应有主效应,而且,信息的单面提示比双面提示方式下更易出现折中效应;第二,信息提示方式、精致化、风险认知对于折中效应有显著的二阶交互效应;第三,消费者的产品卷入、产品知识、风险认知分别与折中效应有正或负的关系。结论表明,在信息提示方式的调节作用之下,折中效应中不但分别存在单一的ELM抑制机制以及风险认知促进机制,而且还存在它们的双重机制。