Share-A-Home:

The Share-A-Home Program operated by Lutheran Social Service of Minnesota was designed to keep senlor citizens living in their own homes by finding live-in companions who are willing to help with chores and provides security and companionship in return for an inexpensive place to live. This aper describes the three years of operation of the program from September 1980 to March 1983. During the first three years of operation, the program experienced considerable growth in: (a) demand for service; f (b) number of matches made; and (c) number of matches in force each month. In addition, the cost of the program during this time decreased. Interviews with elderly residents in the program revealed that most felt more secure, experienced more companionship, had less trouble taking care of their homes, and were more satisfied with their lives since entering the program. Program participants expressed strong approval of the actions of the Lutheran Social Service staff in arranging their matches. It was concluded that Social Service agency was successful in implementing a program which meets the needs of the elderly by allowing them to remain in their homes and maintain an independent life style.     

CHIMPANZEES:

Abstract— Gaze following is a behavior that draws the human infant into perceptual contact with objects or events in the world to which others are attending One interpretation of the development of this phenomenon is that it signals the emergence of joint or shared attention, which may be critical to the development of theory of mind An alternative interpretation is that gaze following is a noncognitive mechanism that exploits social stimuli in order to orient the infant (or adult) to important events in the world We report experimental results that chimpanzees display the effect in response to both movement of the head and eyes in concert and eve movement alone Additional tests indicate that chimpanzees appear able to (a) project an imaginary line of sight through invisible space and (b) understand How that line of sight can be impeded by solid, opaque objects This capacity may have arisen because of its reproductive payoffs in the context of social competition with conspecifics, predation avoidance, or both.     

Testing:

Written tests have become increasingly important to social workers, as they have to other professions, with their use to establish minimum qualification for licensing and certification. The research reported here challenges the validity of the current entrylevel licensing test for social workers. This article reports that the written test for social work licensure falls short in measuring knowledge unique to the profession; furthermore, there is not a demonstrated relationship between passing a written examination and practice competence.     

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In a national questionnaire survey of clinical psychology internship sites, the status of family therapy training was investigated. With a 65 per cent response rate (182 sites), the study found that 11 per cent of all psychology Ph.D.'s, 9 per cent of all M.S.W.'s and 2 per cent of all M.D.'s on internship faculties considered themselves to be primarily family therapy oriented. Nationwide, 39 per cent of 177 internships indicated that some family therapy training was a requirement of the program; for the remaining 61 per cent, family therapy training was either optional or unavailable entirely. Of the five areas of adult, child, group, and family therapy, and psychodiagnostics, interns were viewed by most programs as being least prepared at the start of the internship to do family therapy. In terms of internship training philosophy, family therapy was rated fourth in overall importance as an essential component of an intern's experience. The family training importance rating was found to be correlated positively with the number of family courses and seminars offered, family supervision received, and family clinical work performed.     

Connections:

Network analysis techniques were utilized to corn- Dare the dace of the church in the lives of resoondents from three Jmifafne rCenatth 'coolincg. rAeg bartiieofn sd:e bslaccrki~ Btiaopnot ifs te, aEc R icscoonpgare'lgiaanti,o ann di sP porloisvhid Redo.- Differences were found both'in network structiresand in the subjective experience of the churches as reported by respondents. Irnplications for theological education and congregational work are suggested, with approaches tailored to each type of congregation.     

NEEDED:

Abstract— The significance test as currently used is a disaster Whereas most researchers falsely believe that the significance test has an error rate of 5%, empirical studies show the average error rate across psychology is 60%—12 times higher than researchers think it to be The error rate for inference using the significance test is greater than the error rate using a coin toss to replace the empirical study. The significance test has devastated the research review process. Comprehensive reviews cite conflicting results on almost every issue. Yet quantitatively accurate review of the same results shows that the apparent conflicts stem almost entirely from the high error rate for the significance test. If 60% of studies falsely interpret their primary results, then reviewers who base their reviews on the interpreted study "findings" will have a 100% error rate in concluding that there is conflict between study results.     

Emotional Truth: Emotional Accuracy: Adam Morton

It is accuracy rather than truth itself that is valuable. Emotional truth is a dubious though attractive notion, but emotional accuracy is much easier to make sense of. My approach to accuracy goes via an account of what makes a story accurate. Stories can be accurate but not true, and emotions can be accurate whether or not they are true. The capacity for emotional accuracy, for emotions that fit a person's situation, is an aspect of emotional intelligence, which is as important an aspect of rational human agency as the intelligent formation of beliefs and desires.     

Miscarriage:

Miscarriage is the most frequent of all pregnancy losses, yet little is known of its impact on those who experience it. This exploratory study examines the relationship between the impact of miscarriage and nine variables: (a) length of pregnancy; (b) cause of miscarriage; (c) age at time of miscarriage; (d) intentionality of pregnancy; (e) duration of time since miscarriage; (f) other children; (g) other childbearing losses; (h) number of miscarriages; and (i) gender of expectant parent. Statistical analyses of data gathered from 120 participants indicated that gender, length of pregnancy, and one or more prior induced abortions contributed significantly to the prediction of current subjective distress. In a closer examination of the nature of that distress, gender and length of pregnancy were predictive of intrusive distress, while length of pregnancy and prior induced abortion(s) were predictive of predictive of avoidant distress. Implications for therapy with women who miscarry are discussed.     

Death:

In the near future there will be some changes in our patterns of dying, but only in superficial and circumstantial ways. The present views of what death is and what causes natural death probably will not change. The brightest prospects for new learnings about death are from the new physics and the new metaphysics it has produced, and possibly from scientifically respectable psychic data.     

Dynamics of 1:2 Coordination: Generalizing Relative Phase to n:m Rhythms

Interlimb rhythmic movements can be modeled as coupled oscillators, with stable performance characterized by the relative phase between the limbs. In the present study, that modeling strategy, verified previously for 1:1 coordination, was generalized to 1:2 coordination with a view to n:m coordination. The generalized model predicted interactions between coordination (specifically, 1:1 vs. 1:2) and the frequency asymmetry between the limbs determining mean relative phase and its variability. The predicted interactions were evaluated with bimanual 1:2 and 1:1 rhythmic tasks in which participants (N = 8) oscillated hand-held pendulums whose uncoupled frequencies could be adjusted so that different interlimb asymmetries were produced. The authors needed new analytic procedures to verify stable 1:2 coordination and to resolve stochastic and deterministic sources of variability in the component oscillations. The major expectations from the generalized model were confirmed, and the implications of additional but unpredicted findings for the modeling of multifrequency behavior are discussed.     

The Inaugural Address: Kantian Modality: Tom Baldwin

Kant's claim that modality is a 'category' provides an approach to modality to be contrasted with Lewis's reductive analysis. Lewis's position is unsatisfactory, since it depends on an inherently modal conception of a world. This suggests that modality is 'primitive'; and the Kantian position is a prima facie plausible position of this kind, which is filled out by considering the relationship between modality and inference. This provides a context for comparing the Kantian position with Wright's non-cognitivist 'conventionalism'. Wright's position is vulnerable to the type of argument used against ethical non-cognitivism, and the Kantian position is further confirmed by Blackburn's acknowledgment that modality is 'antinaturalistic to its core'. The position is further elaborated to show that it can accommodate the famous Kripkean categories of the empirically necessary and the contingent a priori , and finally defended against the criticisms used by Quine against Carnap.     

Current Trends: Families: Another Profession's Perspectives

School Psychology Review. Vol. IX, No. 4, Fall 1980. Special Issue on Families: Current Status and Emerging Trends.     

Retracted: Unconscious arithmetic processing: A direct replication

Across two experiments involving four conditions, Sklar et al. (2012) found that complex subtraction equations can be solved without awareness of the equations. These findings challenge the current position that consciousness is necessary for performing abstract, rule‐following tasks. Given the important implications of their work, we directly replicate Sklar's findings using a larger sample (n = 94) from a different population. Using Continuous Flash Suppression, we investigated if people were able to solve an equation after subliminal (1300 ms) exposure to it. We found evidence for unconscious addition but not subtraction. The effect of unconscious addition was eliminated when participants reported subjective awareness of the primes. Critical review of our results and implications for further research are discussed.     

Dialogue Foundations: A Sceptical Look: Wilfrid Hodges

During the last forty or so years it has become popular to offer explanations of logical notions in terms of games. There is no doubt that many people find games helpful for understanding various logical phenomena. But we ask whether anything is really 'explained' by these accounts, and we analyse Paul Lorenzen's dialogue foundations for constructive logic as an example. The conclusion is that the value of games lies in their ability to provide helpful metaphors and representations, rather than in any true conceptual analysis. In fact some of the standard explanations of logical notions in terms of competitive games simply don't work.     

Part II: Applications of Process-Based Theories: Process and Emergence: Normative Function and Representation

Kim's argument appears to render causally efficacious emergence impossible: Hume's argument appears to render normative emergence impossible, and, in its general form, it precludes any emergence at all. I argue that both of these barriers can be overcome, and, in fact, that they each constitute reductions of their respective underlying presuppositions. In particular, causally efficacious ontological emergence can be modeled, but only within a process metaphysics, thus avoiding Kim's argument, and making use of non-abbreviatory forms of definition, thus avoiding Hume's argument. I illustrate these points with models of the emergent nature of normative function and of representation.