具有类属知识性的思维:群体区别判断过程中的复杂性、有效性、有用性和实质性

类属性思维(stereotypes)在一定的程度上是对群体区别正确反映的类属信仰.类属性思维比我们一般假想的更为复杂.首先,我们在本论文中探讨了在立体性的类属性思维EPA理论框架之下的多维度,即类属性思维的三维度:评估、激活和准确度.同时还特别讨论了类属性思维与具体集体共识的表征特点的图腾信仰之间的密切关系.其次,对于作为人类信仰一部分的类属性思维准确性莫衷一是的研究,我们进行了全面综述,并且本文还仔细考查文化类属性思维,个体类属性思维,个体与群体的判断,准确性评判的标准,和原分析的数据等等,同时进一步表明类属性思维和客观现实性有密不可分的关系.最后,我们指出类属性思维对解释群体和民族的区别非常重要,特别是人的感知的实质性寓于实在的客观群体本身(“感知的同一性”).我们认为,类属性思维的过程,对于高度的实体性和感知的实质性的群体来说,具有深刻影响,况且群体或部落(民族)的图腾也是其群体或民族的实体性的外在表现.尽管我们不可能解决同类属性思维的过程有关的所有争论,但我们所强调的观点是:类属性思维是人类相互影响和生存的有效类属性识别.     

西方心理学发展中的若干倾向之我见

西方心理学发展过程中存在着若干思想倾向：１．个体主义,指的是在心理学的研究中仅从个全的角度出发分析人的思想与行为,忽视社会历史文化因素对人的影响;２．非理性主义,这种思维倾向把意志,情感,本能冲动、原始欲望等非理性因素看成是心理的本质,贬低理性思维的作用;３．客观主义这种思想倾向把客观性作业一种教条进行崇拜,对客观化研究的强调到了无以复加的地步,给心理学的发展带来不利的影响。     

思维错觉浅谈

什么是错觉,目前心理学有一个基本统一的解释,即是指人们对外界事物的不正确的知觉。然而,人类对世界客观事物的认识,一般分两个阶段:即感性阶段(包括感知阶段)和理性阶段,并遵行这个顺序过程去认识事物。感知(感觉和知觉)是感性阶段认识过程的第一步。思维是理性阶段的认识过程。感性阶段(知觉)存在错觉,理性阶段(思维)也同样存在错觉。所以,在整个认识过程中,不正确的认识都可以造成或产生错觉。由此,错觉可以分为感知错觉和思维错觉两种类型。对于感知方面的错觉,许多专     

社会逆境感知对大学生攻击行为的影响:反刍思维与领悟社会支持的作用

为探讨社会逆境感知对大学生攻击行为的影响机制,选取577名大学生为被试,采用社会逆境感知问卷、大学生攻击行为量表、反刍思维量表及领悟社会支持量表进行测试。结果表明：（1）社会逆境感知对大学生攻击行为有显著的正向影响,并间接地通过反刍思维对大学生攻击行为产生作用;（2）领悟社会支持在社会逆境感知对大学生反刍思维的影响中起显著的调节作用,具体而言,在低领悟社会支持水平下,社会逆境感知对大学生反刍思维的预测作用更强,而在高领悟社会支持水平下,社会逆境感知对大学生反刍思维的预测作用不显著。     

镜像神经元:基于联想学习理论的视角

镜像神经元的出现为解释人类诸如行为理解、移情等社会行为提供了依据,但是关于它的来源却争论不休。联想学习理论简明直接地解释了人类和猴子之间镜像神经元的差异;指出镜像神经元不仅仅在行为理解中起着主要作用,也是一系列社会认知功能产生的根源;更为重要的是,联想学习理论提出镜像神经元可以通过感知运动学习来塑造和调整,而感知运动学习主要通过与他人的互动获得,这一结论强调了感知运动的重要性,为个体移情、行为理解等社会功能的塑造和增强开辟了一个新的研究视角。     

用教材促进儿童的思维发展

正思维是人脑借助于语言对客观事物进行概括的间接的反应过程,它以感知为基础又超越感知的界限,是认识过程的高级阶段。在数学教学中,教师需要选择合适的时机,创造适宜的条件,培养学生的数学思维。一、教材中的直观操作,培养学生灵动创生思维在低年级教学中,教材根据学生年龄特征,恰当地安排直观操作,让学生运用多种感官参与学习,培养学生质疑发问的能力。如教学"倍的     

华人与西方的组织忠诚的现状研究

本文介绍了中、西方组织忠诚的理论框架、组织忠诚的内涵以及组织忠诚的对象。比较了中、西方对组织忠诚在定义、特征以及文化渊源上的不同,并在文化上进行了探讨。中国在集体主义文化之下,强调以国家、家族为中心,忠于君主和家长,中华民族对权威的很敏感、崇拜和依赖,忽略自身的需求,强调集体主义高于个人。而西方的组织忠诚首先是强调忠诚于组织本身,再拓展到忠诚与组织中的具体对象。西方人强调的是个人的追求,自我价值和目标的满足,个人目标高于一切。     

中西方人的思维方式与艺术审美方式之差异

中西文化发展的源头、过程、结果是不同的，因而形成中西人的思维方式也是不同的甚至是相反的。中国人擅长于感性直觉思维，西方人擅长于理性逻辑思维；中国人强调整体，西方人更注重个体；中国人的思维以道德为标准，西方人的思维则以科学为标准；中国人的思维轨迹是曲线式的；西方人的思维轨迹则是直线式的；中国人的思维模式是单一的，而西方人的思维模式则是多元的；中国人的思维是封闭的，西方人的思维则是开放的。     

试论音乐欣赏的审美过程

音乐欣赏是一种特殊的思维活动,它主要表现为有各种审美心理要素相互结合而产生作用的动态过程,在这个过程中,从审美感知开始进入审美体验,最后达到审美感悟。     

在数学教学中定势思维与创造思维的关系浅议

培养学生创造思维能力是当今数学教育改革的发展方向。而只要提及创造思维,无不批判定势思维在创造思维形成过程中的阻碍作用,而忽略定势思维的积极作用。笔者认为,这种认识是片面的,对加强双基的教学有一定的危害性。究其原因,是对定势思维的内涵认识不清、理解不透。本文拟就此问题作一些探讨,以就教于同行。     

Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments,Learning, and Memory

The affect‐as‐information framework posits that affect is embodied information about value and importance. The valence dimension of affect provides evaluative information about stimulus objects, which plays a role in judgment and decision‐making. Affect can also provide evaluative information about one's own cognitions and response inclinations, information that guides thinking and reasoning. In particular, positive affect often promotes, and negative affect inhibits, accessible responses or dominant modes of thinking. Affect thus moderates many of the textbook phenomena in cognitive psychology. In the current review, we suggest additionally that the arousal dimension of affect amplifies reactions, leading to intensified evaluations, increased reliance on particular styles of learning, and enhanced long‐term memory for events. We conclude that whereas valenced affective cues serve as information about value, the arousal dimension provides information about urgency or importance.     

The role of the insular cortex in taste function

In spite of over 30 years of research, the role of the Insular Cortex (IC) in taste memory still remains elusive. To study the role of the IC in taste memory, we used conditioned taste aversion (CTA) for two different concentrations of saccharin; 0.1% which is highly preferred, and 0.5% which is non-preferred. Rats that had been IC lesioned bilaterally with ibotenic acid (15 mg/ml) before CTA showed significant learning impairments for saccharin 0.1% but not for saccharin 0.5%. To test CTA memory retention, rats lesioned a week after CTA training became completely amnesic for saccharin 0.1% yet only mildly impaired for saccharin 0.5%. Interestingly, the resulting preference for either concentration matched that of IC lesioned animals when exposed to either saccharin solution for the first time, but not those of sham animals, implying that IC lesions after CTA for either saccharin solution rendered complete amnesia, irrespective of the original preference. Our data indicate that an intact IC is essential for CTA learning and retention, as well as for an early neophobic response, but not for taste preference itself. Our data supports a model where the IC is involved in general taste rejection.     

Can survival processing enhance story memory? Testing the generalizability of the adaptive memory framework

Research from the adaptive memory framework shows that thinking about words in terms of their survival value in an incidental learning task enhances their free recall relative to other semantic encoding strategies and intentional learning (Nairne, Pandeirada, & Thompson, 2008). We found similar results. When participants used incidental survival encoding for a list of words (e.g., "Will this object enhance my survival if I were stranded in the grasslands of a foreign land?"), they produced better free recall on a surprise test than did participants who intentionally tried to remember those words (Experiment 1). We also found this survival processing advantage when the words were presented within the context of a survival or neutral story (Experiment 2). However, this advantage did not extent to memory for a story's factual content, regardless of whether the participants were tested by cued recall (Experiment 3) or free recall (Experiments 4-5). Listening to a story for understanding under intentional or incidental learning conditions was just as good as survival processing for remembering story content. The functionalist approach to thinking about memory as an evolutionary adaptation designed to solve reproductive fitness problems provides a different theoretical framework for research, but it is not yet clear if survival processing has general applicability or is effective only for processing discrete stimuli in terms of fitness-relevant scenarios from our past.     

Generalization through the recurrent interaction of episodic memories: a model of the hippocampal system

In this article, we present a perspective on the role of the hippocampal system in generalization, instantiated in a computational model called REMERGE (recurrency and episodic memory results in generalization). We expose a fundamental, but neglected, tension between prevailing computational theories that emphasize the function of the hippocampus in pattern separation (Marr, 1971; McClelland, McNaughton, & O'Reilly, 1995), and empirical support for its role in generalization and flexible relational memory (Cohen & Eichenbaum, 1993; Eichenbaum, 1999). Our account provides a means by which to resolve this conflict, by demonstrating that the basic representational scheme envisioned by complementary learning systems theory (McClelland et al., 1995), which relies upon orthogonalized codes in the hippocampus, is compatible with efficient generalization-as long as there is recurrence rather than unidirectional flow within the hippocampal circuit or, more widely, between the hippocampus and neocortex. We propose that recurrent similarity computation, a process that facilitates the discovery of higher-order relationships between a set of related experiences, expands the scope of classical exemplar-based models of memory (e.g., Nosofsky, 1984) and allows the hippocampus to support generalization through interactions that unfold within a dynamically created memory space.     

Adaptive memory: The survival-processing memory advantage is not due to negativity or mortality salience

Recent research has highlighted the adaptive function of memory by showing that imagining being stranded in the grasslands without any survival material and rating words according to their survival value in this situation leads to exceptionally good memory for these words. Studies examining the role of emotions in causing the survival-processing memory advantage have been inconclusive, but some studies have suggested that the effect might be due to negativity or mortality salience. In Experiments 1 and 2, we compared the survival scenario to a control scenario that implied imagining a hopeless situation (floating in outer space with dwindling oxygen supplies) in which only suicide can avoid the agony of choking to death. Although this scenario was perceived as being more negative than the survival scenario, the survival-processing memory advantage persisted. In Experiment 3, thinking about the relevance of words for survival led to better memory for these words than did thinking about the relevance of words for death. This survival advantage was found for concrete, but not for abstract, words. The latter finding is consistent with the assumption that the survival instructions encourage participants to think about many different potential uses of items to aid survival, which may be a particularly efficient form of elaborate encoding. Together, the results suggest that thinking about death is much less effective in promoting recall than is thinking about survival. Therefore, the survival-processing memory advantage cannot be satisfactorily explained by negativity or mortality salience.     

Gender differences in the effects of post-learning emotion on consolidation of item memory and source memory

Item memory and source memory are two integral elements of episodic memory. Although many studies have examined the effect of emotion on item memory, little research has simultaneously taken into account item memory and source memory. In addition, in the majority of previous studies, learning stimuli are used as the source of emotion, making it difficult to understand whether emotion has an effect on encoding or on consolidation of episodic memory. Furthermore, although gender differences exist in neurophysiological responses to emotional stimuli, in many studies gender differences were neglected and this leaves the picture incomplete regarding the effect of emotion on episodic memory. In this study, we examined gender differences in the effects of post-learning emotion on consolidation of item memory and source memory. Participants learned neutral Chinese nouns, took a memory pretest, and were then randomly assigned to three conditions, in which they either watched a 3-min negative video clip, or watched a 3-min positive video clip, or remained calm and relaxed for 3 min. Thirty minutes after the initial learning, participants took a memory posttest. We found that: (1) For females, post-learning negative emotion enhanced consolidation of item memory; however, neither negative emotion nor positive emotion had a significant effect on consolidation of source memory; (2) For males, neither negative nor positive emotion after learning had a significant effect on either item memory or source memory. Possible reasons for the gender differences, as well as the theoretical significance and practical implications of this study were discussed.     

技能学习与重复启动基本机制问题的探讨

关于技能学习与重复启动的基本机制问题在学术界存有很大的争议．对其进行探讨将会对从整体上考察程序性记忆的性质产生重要的影响。此文主要从函数形式、相关性和增减模式的理论分析,数字输入任务的计算模型．程序性记忆和学习的观点几个方面探讨了有关问题,说明技能学习与重复启动是程序性记忆的不同表现形式,它们有着相同的基本机制。     

Reconsolidation of a context long-term memory in the terrestrial snail requires protein synthesis

We investigated the influence of the protein synthesis blocker anisomycin on contextual memory in the terrestrial snail Helix. Prior to the training session, the behavioral responses in two contexts were similar. Two days after a session of electric shocks (5 d) in one context only, the context conditioning was observed as the significant difference of behavioral response amplitudes in two contexts. On the day following testing of context learning, a session of "reminding" was performed, immediately after which the snails were injected with anisomycin or vehicle. Testing of long-term context memory has shown that only anisomycin injections impaired the context conditioning. In control series, the snails were injected after the training session with anisomycin/saline without reminding, and no impairment of the long-term context memory was observed, while injection of anisomycin during the training session completely abolished the long-term memory. No effects of anisomycin on the short-term memory were observed. Surprisingly, injection of anisomycin after the reminding combined with reinforcing stimuli elicited no effect on the context memory. Differences between single-trial and multisession learning are discussed.     

Adolescents’ Involvement in Cyber Bullying and Perceptions of School: The Importance of Perceived Peer Acceptance for Female Adolescents

Young people are spending increasing amounts of time using digital technology and, as such, are at great risk of being involved in cyber bullying as a victim, bully, or bully/victim. Despite cyber bullying typically occurring outside the school environment, the impact of being involved in cyber bullying is likely to spill over to school. Fully 285 11- to 15-year-olds (125 male and 160 female, M _age = 12.19 years, SD = 1.03) completed measures of cyber bullying involvement, self-esteem, trust, perceived peer acceptance, and perceptions of the value of learning and the importance of school. For young women, involvement in cyber bullying as a victim, bully, or bully/victim negatively predicted perceptions of learning and school, and perceived peer acceptance mediated this relationship. The results indicated that involvement in cyber bullying negatively predicted perceived peer acceptance which, in turn, positively predicted perceptions of learning and school. For young men, fulfilling the bully/victim role negatively predicted perceptions of learning and school. Consequently, for young women in particular, involvement in cyber bullying spills over to impact perceptions of learning. The findings of the current study highlight how stressors external to the school environment can adversely impact young women’s perceptions of school and also have implications for the development of interventions designed to ameliorate the effects of cyber bullying.     

An Exploration of the Potential for Mathematical Experiences in Informal Learning Environments

ABSTRACT

As young learners develop understanding of concepts in mathematics, formal learning environments tend to focus on providing isolated instruction, with limited opportunities for learning experiences that help them make connections. Informal learning environments might thus play a significant role in providing mathematical learning experiences that complement formal classroom experiences for young learners. This study was organized to determine the potential for mathematical experiences through an examination of existing informal learning opportunities and to ascertain a general perspective of the value of mathematical thinking in informal learning environments from current informal educators. This study served as exploratory research conducted to provide more information about the current evidence of math learning in informal settings. Data were collected and organized from observations at 3 local informal learning sites, interviews with leading museum educators in the region, and a written survey completed by museum educators across the nation. The findings reveal that parents/families play a critical role and the potential for mathematics in current exhibits is not emphasized.