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采用相对新近性判断范式(judgments of relative recency),通过三个实验探讨了工作记忆中时序信息和空间信息的存储方式及其关系。实验一比较了有无空间线索两种条件下时序信息的记忆绩效,结果发现,有无空间线索并不影响对时序信.E-的记忆。实验二和实验三通过控制刺激呈现的视野范围和减少呈现位置的不确定性来利化空间线索,结果表明,时序信息的记忆绩效也不受空间线索的影响。由此推论,工作记忆中的时序信息和空间信息是分离编码存储的,加入空间线索并不能提高时序信息的记忆绩效。 相似文献
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FOK产生机制的实验研究 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
通过以初中生和大学生为被试的两个实验探讨了FOK(Feeling-of-Knowing即“熟知感”)的产生机制,是线索熟悉性还是靶项目的可提取性(或记忆强度)决定FOK判断的等级。识记材料为90对中文词对.分前后两部分让被试识记,前后两部分词对之间安排三种关系:①完全相同;②仅线索词相同,③完全不同,这三种关系可选成不同的靶项目记忆强度和不同的线索熟悉性.两组实验结果一致表明,FOK的等级判断的高低取决于线索熟悉程度,而不随靶项目的记忆强度而变化. 相似文献
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采用不同难度图对为记忆任务,考察了4~6岁儿童学习难易判断(EOL), 学习判断(JOL)和提取自信心判断(JOC)的发展特点。结果表明:三种元记忆监测水平随年龄增长均不断提高,任务难度不同三种元记忆监测发展水平不同,对低难度任务的元记忆监测显著好于高难度任务;三种元记忆监测在低难度任务下没有发展速度差异,高难度任务下4~5岁时回溯性监测(JOC)发展较快,5~6岁前瞻性监测(EOL/JOL)发展加速;有效元记忆监测存在任务难度差异和年龄差异。 相似文献
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本文从时间信息的研究基础(什么、何时和如何)出发,阐述了时序信息的研究范型:1)回溯式与顶基式:2)项目加工水平;3)有无自然顺序标码;4)判断类型,分析了时序信息的加工方式(自动加工与控制加工),指出了以往研究中的不足与存在的问题,并提出了时序信息加工分层次、等级的观点。 相似文献
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时序知觉是个体对直接作用于感觉器官的客观事件顺序性的知觉。时序判断任务和同时性判断任务是研究时序知觉的经典实验范式。时序知觉不仅受机体变量,刺激变量及反应变量的影响,还受注意和通道等中介变量的影响。个体的意识和潜意识在同时性、非同时性和序列性时间知觉中的作用问题有待进一步探索。 相似文献
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采用多特征目标判断任务,考察了不同信息获取方式与信息呈现方式条件下,直觉和分析思维模式对判断质量的影响。结果发现:(1)在多特征目标判断任务中,直觉思维比分析思维更有效;(2)直觉型决策者运用直觉思维的判断质量比感觉型决策者更高;(3)归类组块的信息呈现方式能够有效提升决策者运用直觉思维的判断质量;(4)思维模式、信息获取方式与信息呈现方式对多特征目标的判断质量存在三阶交互作用,归类组块的信息呈现方式使直觉型决策者运用直觉思维的判断质量最高,而运用分析思维的判断质量低于感觉型决策者;归类组块排列信息时,直觉型决策者运用分析思维的判断质量低于信息随机排列时的水平。 相似文献
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Jou J 《The American journal of psychology》2005,118(4):525-565
I examined 2 different views on organization of linear order information in memory: the linear schema view and the hierarchical structure view. The linear schema view holds that there is a strong tendency in memory to organize an array of transitively related elements into a unidimensional order. The hierarchical structure view maintains that the transitively related elements are organized in memory in a hierarchy of items. I proposed an input structure and retrieval compatibility hypothesis as a coherent explanation for the contradictory views on the memory organization of serial elements. I argue that the organization of linear order information in memory is determined by the nature of the memory retrieval task used. For example, a comparative judgment task is more compatible with a unidimensional structure, whereas a sequential recall or serial position identification task is more compatible with a hierarchical organization. The input structure and retrieval compatibility concept can also explain why dichotomous categories imposed on a linear order play very little role in comparative judgments. 相似文献
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摘要:通过两个实验考察任务类线索(词频、关联性、学习次数)对学习难易度判断及其准确性的影响。结果表明:(1)词频和关联性对学习难易度判断均有显著影响,高频词对、有关联词对的预测成绩显著高于低频词对和无关联词对的预测成绩;(2)高频词对和低频词对的预测成绩均出现高估,但低频词对的估计更准确;有无关联词对相比,无关联词对预测成绩偏差更大,有关联词对的难易度判断更准确;(3)词频高低只影响成绩的预测,不影响实际回忆成绩;关联性既影响对成绩的预测,也影响实际回忆成绩。(4)学习次数对难易度判断没有显著影响,但随学习次数增加,判断准确性降低,出现低估现象。结论:材料因素对学习难易度判断等级具有较稳定的影响;不同材料因素(词频、关联性)对难易度判断准确性的影响方式不同;学习次数对学习难易度判断没有显著影响;学习难易度判断中存在练习伴随低估效应。 相似文献
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Factors influencing the shape of serial position curves in non-verbal serial short-term memory were examined, using a task testing memory for the position of dots. Similar recency slopes were found when both position and order were recalled (Experiment 1A) and when order only was required (Experiment 1B). This observation was confirmed and tested further in conditions requiring the same encoding but different amounts of spatial information at retrieval (Experiment 2). However, Experiment 2 also revealed an effect of spatial information retrieval on the overall level of memory for recency items. Overall, the results indicate that spatial items produce bow-shaped serial positions curves in tasks requiring the maintenance of order information and that recency is affected by the demand on spatial information retrieval in terms of the overall level of performance but not in terms of the recency slope. These findings are contrary to what is found in the literature on serial verbal recall when both item and order information are required. 相似文献
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A temporal ratio model of memory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A model of memory retrieval is described. The model embodies 4 main claims: (a) temporal memory--traces of items are represented in memory partly in terms of their temporal distance from the present; (b) scale-similarity--similar mechanisms govern retrieval from memory over many different timescales; (c) local distinctiveness--performance on a range of memory tasks is determined by interference from near psychological neighbors; and (d) interference-based forgetting--all memory loss is due to interference and not trace decay. The model is applied to data on free recall and serial recall. The account emphasizes qualitative similarity in the retrieval principles involved in memory performance at all timescales, contrary to models that emphasize distinctions between short-term and long-term memory. 相似文献
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Spatial and temporal episodic memory retrieval recruit dissociable functional networks in the human brain 下载免费PDF全文
Imaging, electrophysiological studies, and lesion work have shown that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is important for episodic memory; however, it is unclear whether different MTL regions support the spatial, temporal, and item elements of episodic memory. In this study we used fMRI to examine retrieval performance emphasizing different aspects of episodic memory in the context of a spatial navigation paradigm. Subjects played a taxi-driver game ("yellowcab"), in which they freely searched for passengers and delivered them to specific landmark stores. Subjects then underwent fMRI scanning as they retrieved landmarks, spatial, and temporal associations from their navigational experience in three separate runs. Consistent with previous findings on item memory, perirhinal cortex activated most strongly during landmark retrieval compared with spatial or temporal source information retrieval. Both hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex activated significantly during retrieval of landmarks, spatial associations, and temporal order. We found, however, a significant dissociation between hippocampal and parahippocampal cortex activations, with spatial retrieval leading to greater parahippocampal activation compared with hippocampus and temporal order retrieval leading to greater hippocampal activation compared with parahippocampal cortex. Our results, coupled with previous findings, demonstrate that the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex are preferentially recruited during temporal order and spatial association retrieval--key components of episodic "source" memory. 相似文献
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The present study examines the effects of SKF 81297, a selective D1 agonist, on information retrieval in recognition and temporal order memory for objects, using three different tasks. Separate groups of rats were trained in each task and then given an intraperitoneal injection of saline or the D1 agonist (0.03, 0.3 mg/kg), before the memory testing trial in an object recognition, object location, and object temporal order memory tasks. We show that SKF 81297, at high dose (0.3 mg/kg), facilitates information retrieval after a long delay (4 h) in the three memory tasks whereas both high and low doses of D1 agonist impair recognition memory after a short delay (15 min). These results indicate a significant role of dopamine D1 receptors in recognition memory for both familiarity and place of objects in addition to object temporal order memory. 相似文献
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Recent evidence suggests that a common temporal representation underlies memory for serial order of items in a sequence, and the timing of items in a sequence. This stands in contrast to other data suggesting a reliance on only ordinal information in short-term memory tasks. An experiment is reported here in which participants were post cued to perform a comparison between a probe and study list of items irregularly spaced in time, on the basis of order or temporal information.Participants' performance on theserial recognition task was notaffected by the temporal proximity of items, although participants were able to use temporal information to perform a temporal recognition task. Application of a temporal matching model of serial and temporal recognition suggests that although participants were able to remember the timing of items, this memory for timing was unlikely to determine serial recognition performance. The results suggest a dissociation between ordinal and temporal information in short-term memory. 相似文献
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Hintzman DL 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2002,9(2):368-374
An experiment was done to test a context-matching explanation of memory for recency under steady-state conditions. Subjects went through a list of 550 names, in which individual names were repeated at lags of 5–30 other items. The names were shown in two different styles or contexts. An old versus new recognition decision was made on each name, and eachold response was followed by a numerical judgment of recency (JOR). When first- and second-presentation contexts were the same, recognition hit rates were higher, and mean JORs were shorter (more recent), than when the two contexts were different. The JOR result is as predicted by the context-matching hypothesis. 相似文献