Strength contributions from precipitates

A theory for the strength contribution from precipitates is developed based on the statistical particle-size and shape distributions and the corresponding obstacle strengths. The generic case of spherical precipitates and the special case of needle-shaped precipitates in the 6xxx aluminium alloy series are considered. It is accounted for that the largest precipitates are stronger and at the same time, intersect a larger number of slip planes than the smaller ones. For a considered peak aged AA6082, the improved model gives a 59% higher strength, which fits the experiments well without the need of previously introduced calibration parameter for the mean effective particle spacing in the slip plane.     

The Strength Model of Self-Control

ABSTRACT— Self-control is a central function of the self and an important key to success in life. The exertion of self-control appears to depend on a limited resource. Just as a muscle gets tired from exertion, acts of self-control cause short-term impairments (ego depletion) in subsequent self-control, even on unrelated tasks. Research has supported the strength model in the domains of eating, drinking, spending, sexuality, intelligent thought, making choices, and interpersonal behavior. Motivational or framing factors can temporarily block the deleterious effects of being in a state of ego depletion. Blood glucose is an important component of the energy.     

自我控制的力量模型

自我控制是人们克服冲动、习惯或自动化的反应,有意识地掌控自己行为方向的能力。自我控制的力量模型认为自我控制的执行会消耗有限的心理能量。力量模型的证据主要来自冲动行为、人际交互以及决策和判断等领域的研究,影响自我控制力量的因素包括人格和个体差异、情绪和动机以及自我控制训练等。自我损耗与疲劳感的区别、动机和信念在自我损耗中的作用以及力量模型的应用价值等是未来研究值得关注的问题。     

Strength theories of disjunctive visual detection

Zero, 1, 2, or 3 black dots are tachistoscopically presented on a white field. There are two alternative tasks: (a) to decide on the presence of each of the left, middle, and right dots (multiple detection) or (b) to decide whether any of the dots was present (disjunctive detection), The results indicate that in disjunctive detection, Ss do not add together thestrengths of the three dot positions and compare this sum to a criterion. Rather they combine theirdecisions about each dot, responding “yes” to the array, if and only if they decide “yes” to any one dot. Strength distributions appear to be invariant with respect to irrelevant stimuli. Invariance with respect to report order holds approximately. However, dots reported on first are slightly more detectable. This suggests a successive scanning process, whose rate is independent of whether a stimulus is present or absent at the position scanned.     

Minor Studies of Aggression: V. Strength of Frustration-Reaction as a Function of Strength of Drive

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative effectiveness of two methods of presenting visualized instruction to Ss and to determine the effectiveness of different types of visuals in facilitating S achievement of different educational objectives. Five hundred twenty Ss participated in the study; each received a pretest, participated in his respective instructional presentation, and received four criterial tests. Analysis indicated that (a) the method of presenting visualized instruction determines the type of visualization most effective in facilitating S achievement of different educational objectives; (b) for facilitating S achievement of certain objectives, color in visuals is an important instructional variable; and (c) not all visuals are equally effective in facilitating S achievement of different educational objectives.     

Strength in positive and negative political attitudes

The aim of the study was to examine whether positive-negative asymmetry can be found in the strength of political attitudes. Two hundred and eleven subjects participated in the study. Attitudes toward political parties were examined by means of a questionnaire with three strength measures. As was expected, attitude intensity, centrality and behaviour were found to be linked together in positive attitudes but not in negative attitudes.     

Fostering Strength and Resiliency in Same-Sex Couples

Abstract

Same-sex couples are presented widiin tiieir cultural contexts to examine how those contexts might influence me strength and resilience of their relationships. We are particularly interested in the ability of the couple relationship to fulfill family functions that serve the social, psychological, and physical needs of each of the partners and society (Patterson, 2002a). Three family functions: family formation and membership, nurturance and socialization, and protection of vulnerable members, are particularly germane to same-sex couples. We examine several topic areas related to these three functions in order to assist clinicians in identifying factors that may prohibit same-sex couples from becoming and remaining strong and resilient.     

The Perceived Relative Strength of the Therapeutic Alliance

ABSTRACT

The association between the perceived relative strength of the therapeutic alliance in couples therapy and psychotherapeutic outcome was investigated. The perceived relative strength of the couples therapeutic alliance was classified into three categories: a balancedalliance (an individual perceives his/her own alliance and the partner's alliance as approximately equal in strength), a positively biasedor blessedalliance (an individual perceives his/her alliance as stronger than the perception of the partner's alliance) and a negatively biasedor just biasedalliance (an individual perceives his/her alliance as weaker than the perception of the partner's alliance). The impact of a consensus or non-consensus within each partner about the perceived relative strength of the alliance on outcome was also investigated. The Alliance Inventory for Couples was used as a measure of the alliance and outcome was assessed with the Family Environment Scale and the Marital Satisfaction Scale. No statistically reliable relation was found between perceived relative strength of the alliance and improved outcome. Consensus was also not predictive of outcome. These findings failed to confirm previous theoretical propositions and empirical research. Possible reasons for discrepancies between the current findings and previous research are provided. The distinction between perceived strength and strength based upon independent self-report measures; and the designation of biased, blessed and balanced alliances merit future research.     

A Strength Model of Probability Judgments for Tournaments

Fans of the National Basketball Association (NBA) assigned probability judgments to the outcomes of upcoming NBA games, and rated the strength of each team involved. The probability judgments obtained from these “expert” subjects exhibited high intersubject agreement and also corresponded closely to the eventual game outcomes. A simple model that associates a single strength value with each team accurately accounted for the probability judgments and their relationship to the ratings of team strength. The results show that, in this domain at least, probability judgments can be derived from direct assessments of strength which make no reference to chance or uncertainty.     

Attitude Strength and Perceived Prevalence of Attitude Positions

Two studies are reported that evaluate the hypothesis that people with involved or extreme (as opposed to moderate) attitudes on an issue will tend to overestimate the extent to which others' attitudes are polarized toward both extremes (cf. Judd & Johnson, 1981). Unlike previous tests of this hypothesis, the present studies included a complete range of subject attitude groups and target categories, obtaining prevalence estimates on a variety of nuclear-related issues. However, support for the hypothesis was limited, being clearest for pronuclear subjects' estimates of pronuclear positions but almost nonexistent for other subjects and target categories. It is suggested that the cognitive mechanism proposed by Judd and Johnson needs to be supplemented by broader social, functional, and knowledge-based considerations.     

提高软实力,迎接新挑战--与医学界年轻同道共勉

软实力是一个国家综合国力的重要组成部分,也是医学界个人与单位实力的重要组成部分.电脑有硬件和软件,二者缺一不可;同样,医学也有硬件和软件,也不可或缺.医学硬件可指医学领域的相关理论、技术和技能;医学软件也许可包括与临床医学、医学教育、医学科研和学科梯队建设等相关的软科学.医学界个人的软实力同样是作出正确临床决策所不能缺少的.