Parallel short forms of the family of origin scale: Evidence of their reliability and validity

Two parallel short forms of the Family of Origin Scale were developed from data provided by 69 women and 63 men who completed the full Family of Origin Scale along with a variety of measures of family-of-origin characteristics. Data on the reliability and validity of the short forms are provided and discussed. The results indicate that both short forms are strongly and significantly correlated with each other and with the full-scale version of the FOS and that they share its reliability and validity characteristics to a very high degree.     

IS SOCIAL VALIDITY WHAT WE ARE INTERESTED IN? ARGUMENT FOR A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH

It is argued that neither the term social nor the term validity is best to identify the processes used or the results obtained in questioning consumers about the goals set, procedures employed, or outcomes achieved in habilitative programming. The term consumer satisfaction acknowledges the fact that it is essentially a collection of consumer opinions. The underlying intent of the process might be called habilitative validation, a name that seems to better guide our validation efforts. More important, in carefully considering consumer satisfaction assessment, it becomes clear that not only does consumer satisfaction itself need to be validated, but also that more objective methods can be used for assessing habilitative validity. However, legitimate uses still remain for consumer satisfaction measurement, as long as we do not mistake it for strong evidence of the habilitative validity of our goals, procedures, or outcomes.     

具身认知视角下的消费者行为

具身理论已经成为消费者行为研究中一个重要的方向, 产生了大量的研究成果, 但国内相关研究却非常匮乏。为了推动国内研究在这一领域的发展, 从视觉、触觉、味觉和运动知觉这几个方向对相关研究进行了综述。在视觉特征方面, 主要考察了上下、左右和大小特征的作用; 在触觉方面, 主要考察了软硬、重量和温度的作用, 在味觉方面, 主要考察了甜和苦的作用; 在运动知觉方面, 主要考察了上下运动、趋近远离运动和关闭动作的作用。最后, 根据以往研究的局限, 提出了未来研究方向。     

Laboratory measures of aggressive responding in male parolees with violent and nonviolent histories

Males on parole were recruited into a study to determine the external validity of the ©Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm, a laboratory procedure for measuring human aggressive responding. Subjects were assigned to either a violent or nonviolent group based on their criminal record and the Brown History of Violence Questionnaire. Subjects participated in six 25-min sessions and completed a series of questionnaires. During the laboratory sessions subjects were given two response options: 1) Pressing button A to accumulate points exchangeable for money, and 2) pressing button B which ostensibly subtracted points from another fictitious person. Responding on button B was defined as aggressive since it resulted in the ostensible delivery of an aversive stimulus to another person. Results indicated that the subjects in the violent group emitted significantly more aggressive responses than subjects in the nonviolent group. The two groups also differed on psychometric measures of aggression. This study provides external validity for this laboratory measurement of human aggressive responding, even among males with very similar backgrounds. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Are you willing to pay the price? The impact of corporate social (ir)responsibility on consumer behavior towards national and foreign brands

This research examines how the country of origin (national vs. foreign) affects the relation between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and consumers' willingness to pay and purchase intention. In the study, we adopted a first‐price sealed bid auction approach, using money in a “real‐world” setting. The results showed that CSR/corporate social irresponsibility (CSIR) affects consumer behavior and, particularly, consumers' willingness to pay and purchase intention. The study supports both the moderation hypothesis of country of origin in the relationship between CSR/CSIR and willingness to pay and between CSR/CSIR and purchase intention. In the globalization context, these results have important implications for brands' communication and marketing strategy and can stimulate important insights in organizations. Future research directions and limitations are also discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improving the image of student‐recruited samples: A commentary

This commentary argues that the quality and usefulness of student‐recruited data can be evaluated by examining the external validity and generalization issues related to this sampling method. Therefore, we discuss how the sampling methods of student‐ and non‐student‐recruited samples can enhance or diminish external validity and generalization. Next, we present the advantages of the student‐recruited sampling method (heterogeneity of the sample, student learning, cost reduction, and elaborate research designs) and conclude with making additional suggestions on how to improve the quality of these data.     

The question‐behaviour effect in intergroup attitudes research: When do attitudes towards a minority predict a relevant behaviour?

We hypothesised that the question‐behaviour effect, referred to as the influence of questioning about a given behaviour on its subsequent performance, is a relevant issue when exploring the external validity of intergroup attitudes. In a pair of studies, we have corroborated that merely expressing attitudes towards the Jewish minority affects people's relevant behaviour towards this group. In an Internet study, participants who first completed verbal attitude measures were more likely to donate to a Jewish organisation compared to those who completed the measures after making the decision to donate. Moreover, responses to attitude measures of various types and donating to the Jewish organisation were correlated when attitudes had been expressed in the first step. When attitudes were measured after the decision to donate, only the responses to the traditional anti‐Semitic scale were correlated with this behaviour. In the field study, in which the time interval between attitude and behaviour measures was introduced, no question‐behaviour effect was observed. We explain the results with reference to cognitive dissonance and attitude accessibility mechanisms and discuss them in a broader context of attitude‐behaviour research.