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We evaluated the self‐injurious behavior (SIB) and self‐restraint (SR) of an 11‐year‐old boy with severe mental retardation that were suspected to be functionally unrelated. A functional analysis (consequences provided for SIB) resulted in near‐zero levels of SIB across experimental conditions and did not indicate a specific function of SIB. In contrast, high, undifferentiated levels of SR were observed during the attention, control, alone, and demand conditions. Further analysis of a possible tangible function of SIB using pairwise comparisons resulted in a high rate of SIB during the contingent tangible condition, no SIB in the noncontingent tangible condition, and comparable levels of SR in both conditions. A subsequent analysis using restraint blocking during play and no‐play contexts suggested that SR produced automatic reinforcement under conditions of low ambient stimulation. Thus, SIB and SR were shown to be functionally independent and maintained by distinct consequences. The results are briefly discussed and suggestions for future research are provided. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The results obtained from two consecutive functional analyses conducted with a 6‐year‐old child with autism are described. In the initial functional analysis, the highest rates of problem behavior occurred in the play condition. In that condition, the delivery of attention appeared to occasion problem behaviors. A second functional analysis was conducted wherein an escape from attention condition and a tangible condition were added. In the second functional analysis, higher rates of responding were observed in the escape from attention and tangible conditions. The results suggested that problem behavior was maintained by negative reinforcement in the form of escape from attention and positive reinforcement in the form of gaining access to preferred tangible items. Problem behavior was treated using functional communication training combined with noncontingent reinforcement. 相似文献
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Moore JW Mueller MM Dubard M Roberts DS Sterling-Turner HE 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2002,35(3):283-286
This study investigated the effects of therapist attention on the self-injurious behavior (SIB) of a 6-year-old girl with developmental disabilities. After results of a functional analysis indicated that SIB was maintained by attention and tangible reinforcement, tangible conditions with and without contingent verbal attention were compared. Results suggested that the inclusion of verbal attention in a tangible condition may confound functional analysis outcomes for behavior that is maintained by attention. 相似文献
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Nathalie Fernandez Michelle A. Frank-Crawford Courtney Hanlin Ryan Benson John M. Falligant Iser G. DeLeon 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2024,57(2):426-443
The functional analysis approach described by Iwata et al. (1982/1994) has been used widely to determine the variables evoking and maintaining challenging behavior. However, one potential concern with conducting functional analyses is that repeated exposure to contingencies may induce a novel functional relation. To examine the likelihood of these potential iatrogenic effects, we evaluated social test conditions of the functional analysis for 116 participants and searched for patterns of responding indicative of acquisition. Patterns suggestive of acquisition occurred in 13.70% of tangible reinforcement conditions; however, the prevalence was only slightly lower in the attention condition (8.75%). Much lower prevalence was observed for the escape condition (2.13%). When grouped by quotient score, a pattern of acquisition was just as likely to be observed in the attention condition as in the tangible condition. Additionally, patterns indicative of acquisition were no more likely to be observed with participants who emitted automatically reinforced challenging behavior. 相似文献
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O'Reilly M Lang R Davis T Rispoli M Machalicek W Sigafoos J Lancioni G Didden R 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):773-783
We examined the effects of three different presession conditions on tangibly maintained problem behavior for 2 students with autism, using individual-participant multielement designs. First, an analogue functional analysis demonstrated that problem behavior was maintained by access to tangible items. Next, topographies of item rejection were identified. Finally, students were exposed to (a) brief access, (b) no access, and (c) satiation to the tangible items prior to tangible sessions. The results demonstrated high levels of problem behavior following the brief-access and no-access presession conditions and low levels of problem behavior following the satiation condition. The findings are discussed in the context of how satiation might best be defined for these sorts of evaluations. 相似文献
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David B. McAdam Anthony DiCesare Sean Murphy Bernard Marshall 《Behavioral Interventions》2004,19(1):39-44
Recently, researchers have demonstrated that certain antecedent variables can affect the results of a functional analysis. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of family members versus a direct‐care staff member on the occurrence of problem behaviors during three concurrently conducted functional analyses. The results of the functional analyses demonstrated that the participant's problem behaviors were maintained by positive reinforcement (i.e. access to tangible items) and negative reinforcement (i.e. escape from demands) when either his mother or stepfather was the therapist in the functional analysis; however, no problem behaviors were displayed when a direct‐care staff member was the therapist in the functional analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Use of a latency‐based demand assessment to identify potential demands for functional analyses
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Nathan A. Call Sarah J. Miller Joslyn Cynkus Mintz Joanna Lomas Mevers Mindy C. Scheithauer Julie E. Eshelman Gracie A. Beavers 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2016,49(4):900-914
Unlike potential tangible positive reinforcers, which are typically identified for inclusion in functional analyses empirically using preference assessments, demands are most often selected arbitrarily or based on caregiver report. The present study evaluated the use of a demand assessment with 12 participants who exhibited escape‐maintained problem behavior. Participants were exposed to 10 demands, with aversiveness measured by average latency to the first instance of problem behavior. In subsequent functional analyses, results of a demand condition that included the demand with the shortest latency to problem behavior resulted in identification of an escape function for 11 of the participants. In contrast, a demand condition that included the demand with the longest latency resulted in identification of an escape function for only 5 participants. The implication of these findings is that for the remaining 7 participants, selection of the demand for the functional analysis without using the results of the demand assessment could have produced a false‐negative finding. 相似文献
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David M. Richman David P. Wacker Jennifer M. Asmus Sean D. Casey Marc Andelman 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1999,32(3):269-283
A functional analysis identified the reinforcers for 3 participants' problem behavior, but only relatively mild problem behaviors (e.g., screaming, disruption) were observed when all topographies produced tested consequences. We then conducted an extinction analysis in which specific topographies produced a reinforcer while all other topographies were on extinction. The extinction analysis confirmed that the same reinforcer identified in the initial functional analysis maintained more severe topographies of problem behavior (e.g., aggression). In addition, results of the extinction analysis indicated that 2 of the participants displayed patterns of responding consistent with a response class hierarchy hypothesis, in which less severe problem behavior frequently occurred prior to more severe topographies. The 3rd participant displayed a response pattern indicative of differential reinforcement effects. 相似文献
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DISCREPANCY IN FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS RESULTS ACROSS TWO SETTINGS: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION DESIGN
Russell Lang Mark O'Reilly Giulio Lancioni Mandy Rispoli Wendy Machalicek Jeffrey M. Chan Paul Langthorne Jesse Franco 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(2):393-397
Functional analyses that were conducted in two settings (playground and classroom) indicated that problem behavior was sensitive to adult attention on the playground and tangible items in the classroom. Attention‐ and tangible‐based interventions were designed based on the results from each of the assessment environments and were compared. The attention‐based intervention was more effective on the playground, and the tangible‐based intervention was more effective in the classroom. Findings are discussed in regards to the generality of functional analysis results across environments. 相似文献
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of functional communication training (FCT) on the occurrence of non-targeted
disruptive behavior. The 10 participants were preschool-aged children with developmental disabilities who engaged in both
destructive (property destruction, aggression, self-injury) and disruptive (hand flapping, spinning in circles, shrill laughter,
screaming, crying) behaviors. Only destructive behavior was targeted for the functional analyses and FCT, but data were also
collected on disruptive behaviors. All procedures were conducted in the participants’ homes by their mothers with investigator
coaching. Phase 1 consisted of conducting a functional analysis within a multielement design. Phase 2 consisted of conducting
FCT with demand fading and repeated extinction baselines within a reversal design. Single-case data are provided for 3 participants,
and summary data are provided for all 10 participants. Results of phase 1 showed that all participants’ destructive and disruptive
behavior was maintained, at least in part, by negative reinforcement. Results of phase 2 showed that both destructive behavior
and non-targeted disruptive behavior occurred at lower levels during FCT when compared to the functional analysis demand condition
and baseline conditions, suggesting that FCT was effective in decreasing both target destructive behavior and non-targeted
disruptive behaviors. 相似文献
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Among individuals with developmental disabilities and behavioral problems, self‐injury and aggression are often associated with negative affect such as crying. In the current report, we present data on two children who displayed problem behaviors (screaming and self‐injury) that were often associated with positive affect. In contrast to their other problem behaviors that were socially mediated, these behaviors were maintained independent of social consequences. One concern about treating problem behavior associated with positive affect is that the treatment may produce generalized reductions in positive affect. In both cases presented in the current study, the reductive effects of a treatment targeting these behaviors were highly selective, producing decreases in screaming and self‐injury, while minimally affecting affect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Fisher WW DeLeon IG Rodriguez-Catter V Keeney KM 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2004,37(2):171-184
Recent research has shown that the noncontingent delivery of competing stimuli can effectively reduce rates of destructive behavior maintained by social-positive reinforcement, even when the contingency for destructive behavior remains intact. It may be useful, therefore, to have a systematic means for predicting which reinforcers do and do not compete successfully with the reinforcer that is maintaining destructive behavior. In the present study, we conducted a brief competing stimulus assessment in which noncontingent access to a variety of tangible stimuli (one toy per trial) was superimposed on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of attention for destructive behavior for individuals whose behavior was found to be reinforced by attention during a functional analysis. Tangible stimuli that resulted in the lowest rates of destructive behavior and highest percentages of engagement during the competing stimulus assessment were subsequently used in a noncontingent tangible items plus extinction treatment package and were compared to noncontingent attention plus extinction and extinction alone. Results indicated that both treatments resulted in greater reductions in the target behavior than did extinction alone and suggested that the competing stimulus assessment may be helpful in predicting stimuli that can enhance the effects of extinction when noncontingent attention is unavailable. DESCRIPTORS: Attention-maintained problem behavior, competing stimuli, extinction, functional analysis, noncontingent reinforcement 相似文献
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Music played through headphones was noted to reduce the disruptive chanting and speech‐like vocalizations of a 68‐year‐old man who lived in a secure dementia unit. We conducted a variety of assessment procedures, including a functional analysis ‘alone’ condition, to identify why this simple intervention may have been effective for this individual. The data suggest that music provided an alternative source of auditory stimulation to that produced by automatically reinforced vocal behavior. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Rooker GW Iwata BA Harper JM Fahmie TA Camp EM 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2011,44(4):737-745
Functional analysis (FA) methodology is the most precise method for identifying variables that maintain problem behavior. Occasionally, however, results of an FA may be influenced by idiosyncratic sensitivity to aspects of the assessment conditions. For example, data from several studies suggest that inclusion of a tangible condition during an FA may be prone to a false-positive outcome, although the extent to which tangible reinforcement routinely produces such outcomes is unknown. We examined susceptibility to tangible reinforcement by determining whether a new response was acquired more readily when exposed to a tangible contingency relative to others commonly used in an FA (Study 1), and whether problem behavior known not to have a social function nevertheless emerged when exposed to tangible reinforcement (Study 2). Results indicated that inclusion of items in the tangible condition should be done with care and that selection should be based on those items typically found in the individual's environment. 相似文献
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O'Reilly MF Sigafoos J Edrisinha C Lancioni G Cannella H Choi HY Barretro A 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2006,39(2):239-242
We attempted to isolate the evocative effects of the establishing operation for positively reinforced problem behavior with 2 participants. The study consisted of three phases. First, a functional analysis identified tangible items (Participant 1) and attention (Participant 2) as maintaining problem behavior. Second, access to tangible items and attention was systematically controlled (continuous access vs. no access) immediately prior to functional analysis sessions in which these consequences were delivered contingent on problem behavior. Results of this phase indicated that problem behavior occurred at higher levels when access to tangible items and attention was restricted. In the third phase, prior access was again controlled, but problem behavior produced no consequences. Results of this final phase indicated that problem behavior occurred at higher levels during extinction sessions when participants did not have prior access to the reinforcers. 相似文献
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An integrated model for guiding the selection of treatment components for problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement
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Wendy K. Berg David P. Wacker Joel E. Ringdahl Jason Stricker Kelly Vinquist Anuradha Salil Kumar Dutt Danielle Dolezal Jeffrey Luke Lisa Kemmerer Jayme Mews 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2016,49(3):617-638
We evaluated the usefulness of 2 assessments to guide treatment selection for individuals whose prior functional analysis indicated that automatic reinforcement maintained their problem behavior. In the 1st assessment, we compared levels of problem behavior during a noncontingent play condition and an alone or ignore condition. In the 2nd, we assessed participants’ relative preferences for automatic reinforcement and social reinforcers in a concurrent‐operants arrangement. We used the results of these 2 assessments to assign 5 participants to a treatment based on noncontingent access to social reinforcers or to a treatment based on differential access to social reinforcers. We conducted monthly probes with the participants over 10 to 12 months to evaluate the effects of the treatment procedures. All participants showed reductions in problem behavior over this period. 相似文献