Needs Exploitation

Sweatshop labor is often cited as an example of the worst and most pervasive form of exploitation today, yet understanding what is meant by the charge has proven surprisingly difficult for philosophers. I develop an account of what I call “Needs Exploitation,” grounded in a specification of the duty of beneficence. In the case of sweatshop labor, I argue that employers face a duty to extend to employees a wage sufficient to meet their basic needs. This duty is limited by the degree of the employees’ dependence on the employer for basic needs and a reasonability standard where the employer may remain within a range of well-being between deficiency and luxury.

Predicted differences and differences between predictions

WhenK tests are given toN individuals, and for each individual there are two criterion measures, then (1) the multiple regression weight to be applied to the standard score for each test to predict the criterion-difference score equals the difference of the weights for predicting each criterion separately; (2) the difference between the predicted scores equals the predicted difference (each test being assigned the appropriate multiple regression weight); (3) the square of the multiple correlation between predicted and actual criterion-difference scores equals the sum of squares of the multiple correlations of the battery with each criterion less the product of these correlations and the correlation between predicted scores all divided by twice the quantity one minus the criterion intercorrelation; and (4) the variance of errors of estimating the criterion-difference score equals the sum of the variances of errors of estimating each criterion score minus twice the criterion intercorrelation, plus twice the correlation between predicted scores multiplied by the product of the square root of one minus the variance of errors of estimating one criterion and the corresponding square root for the second criterion.The author wishes to express his appreciation for the suggestions and guidance given by Dr. Harold Gulliksen in the preparation of this article. He also wishes to acknowledge the helpful comments of Dr. Paul Horst and Dr. Ledyard Tucker on certain phases of the development.     

Ecology Needs Theology

A primary purpose of theology is the explication of the relationship of Creation to the transcendent for the sake of responsible action in the world. Environmental policy arenas need a perspective that can take them beyond a more limited utilitarianism. Ecology needs theology. We can appreciate to a much greater extent today than we could a generation ago that all theologies are products of particular people within particular social, cultural, historical, geographical situations. To do theology adequately, it is clearer now that many perspectives must be considered—both within and outside one's own tradition. Theology must be conversational. One's assertions of values and proposed actions must be weighed against the assertions of others. Only through such engagement will theology be meaningful to lives that must be lived with integrity in a world of manifold ambiguities. That world is the whole world in which human community is sustained and to which human beings are responsible. The practical effects of theological engagement will be to help us all find a better “common good” than may be obtained otherwise.     

Parent Expectations and Special Needs Students

Transition of special needs students from school to work has become a primary concern for special services providers. The support of home and parents is a major factor in this transition process. Based upon survey research, parent expectations of special needs students have been described as minimal. Suggestions are offered here about how to enhance support for parents and their special needs students.     

Service Needs of Immigrants and Refugees

This paper evaluates the service needs of immigrants and refugees, paying special attention to their entry status, social, and human capital. Analyses are based on administrative data consisting of 2915 clients collected by the YMCA of Western Ontario, Windsor-Essex Branch (YMO). Results reveal that immigrants’ and refugees’ major service need priorities are (1) government services and language skills, (2) information about Canadian life and access to community services, (3) education and work in Canada, and (4) social and professional networks and community involvement. These service needs varied by the entry status of the immigrant as well as human and social capital. Government-assisted and sponsored refugees identified more service needs than economic immigrants relating to Canadian life, language and skill training, and social networks. Sponsored refugees also identified more needs than the economic immigrants with respect to access to community services and work. Convention refugees’ higher service needs over economic immigrants were related to language training and access to community services. Finally, the service needs of clients with higher education, English proficiency, and ethnic networks were lower than those of their counterparts.     

Self-Deception Needs No Explaining

How can one deceive oneself if at the same time one knows the truth? The idea of such a thing has puzzled philosophers, and many philosophical efforts have been devoted to explaining the puzzle. Yet all such attempts have been misplaced. For in fact there is nothing distinctive about the way the mind works in self-deception, nothing that needs special explaining. The perception of a puzzle arises from certain mistaken assumptions about how the mind works generally. Once this is explained, we see that the way the mind works in self-deception embodies no deviation from the norm. The aura of paradox then disappears, and we see that self-deception requires no special explanation of its own.     

Morality: between Law and Real-life Needs

The investigation that culminated last July in a letter from the Vatican to Professor Curran, criticising the distinction made by him and many others between 'infallible' and 'non-infallible' Church teaching and initiating his removal from his post at the Catholic University of America, has been one of the most hotly discussed events to have happened in the modern American Catholic Church, has been written about throughout the Catholic world, and has troubled many theologians. We are publishing this translation of an article by Bernhard Häring, 'Moral zwischen gesetz und Lebensnot' (which appeared in the German Church magazine Christ in der Gegenwart¹ in August), because its author, who taught Curran in Rome and in March accompanied him to the Vatican for 'informal dialogue', has such a close knowledge of this theologian's thinking, which in some places has been misrepresented. The text has been updated where essential.     

Needs and subjective well-being around the world

Across a sample of 123 countries, we examined the association between the fulfillment of needs and subjective well-being (SWB), including life evaluation, positive feelings, and negative feelings. Need fulfillment was consistently associated with SWB across world regions. Life evaluation was most associated with fulfilling basic needs; positive feelings were most associated with social and respect needs; and negative feelings were most associated with basic, respect, and autonomy needs. Societal need fulfillment predicted SWB, particularly for life evaluation, beyond individuals' fulfillment of their own needs, indicating the desirability of living in a flourishing society. In addition, the associations of SWB with the fulfillment of specific needs were largely independent of whether other needs were fulfilled. These trends persisted when household income was taken into account. The emergent ordering of need fulfillment for psychosocial needs were fairly consistent across country conditions, but the fulfillment of basic and safety needs were contingent on country membership.     

Relationships Between Inventoried Interests and Inventoried Needs

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of interests, as defined by the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) scales, to psychological needs, as defined by the Minnesota Importance Questionnaire (MIQ) and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) scales. The 3 instruments were administered to a group of 279 University of Minnesota male student volunteers. A correlational analysis disclosed about one-third of the relationships between the SVIB and the two needs measures significant at the .01 level. Of the MIQ scales, Advancement, Authority, Security, Social Service, Social Status, and Working Conditions were most often related to the SVIB; while of the EPPS scales, Dominance clearly had the most numerous and the highest relationships with SVIB groups, and Order, Exhibition, Autonomy, Abasement, and Endurance also had some relationships. Although relatively low in magnitude, the results of this study tend to support 5 previously identified occupationally related personality need dimensions.     

卫生保健需要的重要性与意义

卫生保健需要在卫生计划和资源配置中的作用日益受到重视。卫生保健需要是有层次的,相对的,因确定者,不同个体以及时间而异,科学,全面地认识和测量卫生保健需要,分析其与卫生服务需求和提供的关系,是更好的满足整个人群的卫生保健需要,使需要,需求和提供三者相匹配的基本前提,才能确保实现充分利用有发的资源,更经济,有效地提供卫生服务,保障和促进人群健康的宗旨。     

为什么形而上学需要逻辑学，而数学则不需要

本文对皮尔士有关数学、形而上学和逻辑学之间关系的理论进行了辩护.与常识观点不同,皮尔士认为,以学院逻辑为主的逻辑学是一门实证科学,它的任务在于对思想进行有效控制,以便获得真理.数学不需要这样的逻辑学,因为数学不是一种实证科学,它所关注的不是实证事实或真理,而是精确、清晰和连贯.数学是对经验事实的理想化,因而它首先需要的是想象力、专注力和概括力.在皮尔士看来,科学的形而上学应该是一种探讨经验事实的实证科学,它需要逻辑学尤其是学院逻辑来加以控制,因而形而上学需要逻辑学.