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1.
Michel Schmitt Albert Postma Edward De Haan 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》2000,53(1):105-130
Six experiments were carried out to investigate the issue of cross-modality between exogenous auditory and visual spatial attention employing Posner's cueing paradigm in detection, localization, and discrimination tasks. Results indicated cueing in detection tasks with visual or auditory cues and visual targets but not with auditory targets (Experiment 1). In the localization tasks, cueing was found with both visual and auditory targets. Inhibition of return was apparent only in the within-modality conditions (Experiment 2). This suggests that it is important whether the attention system is activated directly (within a modality) or indirectly (between modalities). Increasing the cue validity from 50% to 80% influenced performance only in the localization task (Experiment 4). These findings are interpreted as being indicative for modality-specific but interacting attention mechanisms. The results of Experiments 5 and 6 (up/down discrimination tasks) also show cross-modal cueing but not with visual cues and auditory targets. Furthermore, there was no inhibition of return in any condition. This suggests that some cueing effects might be task dependent. 相似文献
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《International Journal of Testing》2013,13(3):277-291
Research evidence indicates that self-report imagery ability is psychometrically distinct from objective, spatial test measures. One hypothesis put forward in the literature to explain this finding is that the nature of the stimulus is important. The aim of this article was to examine the relation between spatial abilities and measures of visual imagery obtained using different types of stimulus material. The main finding was that imagery tasks that required the mental synthesis or transformation of visual forms, such as alphanumeric characters and simple geometric shapes, correlated strongly with tests of spatial ability. In contrast, images of familiar items retrieved from long-term memory did not correlate with spatial test performance. It is argued that tasks that better control the stimuli imagined and the standards used to rate the quality of the image provide more objective measures of imagery ability. The implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
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A computational theory of hemispheric asymmetries in perception (double filtering by frequency) is described. Its central tenet is that the cerebral hemispheres first perform symmetric filtering of visual and auditory information. Functional hemispheric asymmetry arises from a second filtering stage (containing filters skewed in different directions in the two hemispheres). The first stage selects a range of task-relevant spatial or auditory frequencies from the absolute values. This range is passed to the asymmetric filters. In this way, the hemispheric difference becomes one of relative rather than absolute information. Behavioral deficits due to unilateral lesions in neurological patients and neuroimaging and electrophysiological measures in normal subjects implicate posterior cortex in these hemispheric differences. 相似文献
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视网膜离心率影响空间注意梯度分布 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用同步判断(Simultaneous judgment, SJ)的研究范式探讨空间注意梯度是否受到视网膜离心率的影响。实验中给被试呈现两个目标刺激, 调节它们的呈现距离和间隔时间, 让被试进行不限时的同步判断, 计算出各种距离上的主观等同点(Point of Subjective Simultaneous, PSS)变化情况。实验中对比了注视点和注意点重合与分离的两种状态。其中注视点和注意点分离的状态是指使用反向掩蔽后的线索刺激将注意点内隐地引导到外周。通过控制似动等影响因素, 发现在注意点和注视点分离的状态下存在距离效应—— 也就是随着距离的增长主观等同点变化越大, 但是在重合的状态下则没有。结果表明分离状态下存在传统意义上的注意梯度效应, 而重合时, 注意易化梯度受到一个抑制梯度的影响。这说明, 注意梯度分布受到视网膜离心率的影响, 而影响方式符合注意点为中心的易化梯度场和注视点为中心的抑制梯度场的双梯度场理论。 相似文献
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In visual search tasks, spatial attention selects the locations containing a target or a distractor with one of the target's features, implying that spatial attention is driven by target features (M.S. Kim & K. R. Cave, 1995). The authors measured the effects of location-based grouping processes in visual search. In searches for a color-shape combination (conjunction search), spatial probes indicated that a cluster of same-color or same-shape elements surrounding the target were grouped and selected together. However, in searches for a shape target (feature search), evidence for grouping by an irrelevant feature dimension was weaker or nonexistent. Grouping processes aided search for a visual target by selecting groups of locations that shared a common feature, although there was little or no grouping by an irrelevant feature when the target was defined by a unique salient feature. 相似文献
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Christopher K. Hsee Yuval Rottenstreich Judy Tang 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2014,8(12):699-707
How people react to negatives (what they dislike) is not always symmetric to how they react to positives (what they like). We propose a theoretical framework that links three potentially general types of positive–negative asymmetries: asymmetry in prediction errors (people err more when predicting others' attitudes about positives than about negatives), asymmetry in consensus (people agree more among themselves about negatives than about positives), and asymmetry in base rates (there are more negatives than positives). Our theory further explores a moderator for these asymmetries – importance of the stimulus to the self: greater importance engenders greater positive–negative asymmetries. We provide empirical evidence for our theory and discuss the boundaries and implications of our propositions and findings. 相似文献
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This study was designed to examine whether the developmental course of visual hemispheric asymmetry is affected by task load and whether gender differences occur with age. Three experiments were performed according to the additive structure of reaction time: “go/no-go” task, “choice-reaction-time” task, and “category-sort” task. Children in three different age groups (7- to 8-years, 10 years, and 13 year olds) were presented lists of words using a visual half-field procedure. Results revealed that in the go/no-go task (Experiment 1), left hemispheric superiority for processing of word stimuli was evident at all three developmental ages, but no gender differences appeared. However, in the choice-reaction-time task (Experiment 2), and the category-sort task (Experiment 3), left hemispheric superiority was displayed by 7- to 8- and 10-year-old males, but not by 13-year-old males. In contrast, girls did not show the left hemispheric advantage at any of the developmental ages. It was concluded that visual hemispheric asymmetry exists in children at an early age, but the magnitude of asymmetry is dependent on age, gender, and task load. 相似文献
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《Multivariate behavioral research》2013,48(3):289-309
The hypothesis that sex differences in field independence and mental arithmetic can be accounted for by sex differences in spatial ability was supported for a group of 46 female and 35 male undergraduates. Sex-typing does not appear to be strongly related to spatial ability for either sex. There is a possibility of the existence of a field-independence trait independent of spatial ability, particularly among females; however, if such a trait does exist there do not appear to be significant sex differences with respect to it. Factor analysis indicates that tests of spatial ability, field independence, and mental arithmetic emerge together in a spatial ability factor. Sex differences in the factor structure of nine measures, most of which typically display sex differences (spatial ability, field independence, mental arithmetic, vocabulary, verbal and nonverbal creativity, femininity, and achievement motivation) were largely the result of differences with respect to a spatial factor. 相似文献
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以错误 信念任务和表面 现实任务为主要测量手段的大量心理理论研究的结果表明,儿童的心理理论大约在4岁左右才能形成。儿童的心理理论为什么不能在4岁之前形成?研究者利用执行功能的缺乏来解释这种现象。研究表明,抑制控制、规则使用、工作记忆等可能均是与心理理论相关的一些执行成分,但这些观点均受到不同程度的质疑。因此,关于心理理论和执行功能的关系,还需要开展大量的后续研究。新近提出的关于"冷"执行功能和"热"执行功能的区分,也许是进一步探讨心理理论和执行功能关系的新途径。 相似文献
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Giovanni Bruno Vicario 《Axiomathes》2003,13(3-4):399-432
The concept of simultaneous masking in visual field is discussed, in the light of classical examples, of the various kinds of the phenomenon, of a modal completion, of the figure/ground phenomenon, of ambiguous and reversible figures, of mimicry and camouflage and eventually of the complexity of the stimulus. There is some reference to masking in auditory field. The “reality” of the masked configuration is discussed, drawing the conclusion that it is perceptually unreal. The fact that the masking phenomenon cannot take place without comparison between two perceptual acts – what we see at one moment and what we see a moment after LATER – and the fact that the masked configuration pops out with some surprise, lead to the conclusion that simultaneous masking in visual field is not a bare perceptual phenomenon, but a psychological process not unlike insight 相似文献
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Aging and Visual Attention 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Madden DJ 《Current directions in psychological science》2007,16(2):70-74
ABSTRACT— Older adults are often slower and less accurate than are younger adults in performing visual-search tasks, suggesting an age-related decline in attentional functioning. Age-related decline in attention, however, is not entirely pervasive. Visual search that is based on the observer's expectations (i.e., top-down attention) is relatively preserved as a function of adult age. Neuroimaging research suggests that age-related decline occurs in the structure and function of brain regions mediating the visual sensory input, whereas activation of regions in the frontal and parietal lobes is often greater for older adults than for younger adults. This increased activation may represent an age-related increase in the role of top-down attention during visual tasks. To obtain a more complete account of age-related decline and preservation of visual attention, current research is beginning to explore the relation of neuroimaging measures of brain structure and function to behavioral measures of visual attention. 相似文献
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Stefan K. Schmertz Page L. Anderson Diana L. Robins 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(1):60-66
Validation of self-report mindfulness measures has been promising, although comparisons with non-self-report instruments are
lacking. Because past research suggests that mindfulness training is associated with improved attention, this study predicted
that higher self-report mindfulness would be positively related to performance on tasks of sustained attention. Fifty undergraduates
completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS), the Cognitive
and Affective Mindfulness Scale, Revised (CAMS-R), and performed the Continuous Performance Test II (CPT-II) and the Paced
Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Mindfulness scores, as measured by the MAAS and CAMS-R, were negatively related to
target omissions on the CPT-II (ps ≤ 0.001), but were not related to PASAT performance (ps ≥ 0.11). Scores on the KIMS were not related to the CPT-II or PASAT (ps ≥ 0.15). Results suggest that self-report mindfulness is related to exaggerated lapses of attention, as measured by the
CPT-II. 相似文献
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Perceptual asymmetries have been explained by structural, attentional bias and attentional advantage models. Structural models focus on asymmetries in the physical access information has to the hemispheres, whereas attentional models focus on asymmetries in the operation of attentional processes. A series of experiments was conducted to assess the contribution of attentional mechanisms to the right visual field (RVF) advantage found for word recognition. Valid, invalid and neutral peripheral cues were presented at a variety of stimulus onset asynchronies to manipulate spatial attention. Results indicated a significant RVF advantage and cueing effect. The effect of the cue was stronger for the left visual field than the RVF. This interaction supports the attentional advantage model which suggests that the left hemisphere requires less attention to process words. The attentional asymmetry is interpreted in terms of the different word processing styles used by the left and right hemispheres. These results have ramifications for the methodology used in divided visual field research and the interpretation of this research. 相似文献
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Three experiments were performed to test whether infants show a bias for detecting the presence of a feature in a stimulus rather than its absence. In the 1st experiment, 24 16-week-old infants were given 3 paired-comparison problems, each of which included a 25-s familiarization phase followed by 2 test trials. Infants were familiarized to 1 member of a set of capital alphabetical letters (E-F; Q-O; B-R). Then they were given a paired-comparison recognition test under 1 of 2 conditions. In the feature-present condition, the familiar letter (e.g., F) was paired with a novel letter containing the addition of a distinguishing element (e.g., E). In the feature-absent condition, infants were presented with a familiar letter (e.g., E) paired with a novel letter in which 1 element was removed (e.g., F). Infants showed a novelty preference to the letter in which the distinguishing feature was present, but there was no preference for novelty in the feature-absent condition. The 2nd experiment showed that infants' fixation to the letter containing the presence of the feature was not due to a simple preference for the letter with the greater number of elements. Finally, to test whether infants' failure to discriminate the absence was due to insufficient encoding time, 36 infants were tested in a 3rd experiment in which familiarization time was varied. After 20 s of familiarization, no evidence of discrimination was observed in either the feature-present or feature-absent condition. After 30 s, however, infants could discriminate the novel letter in the feature-present condition but not in the feature-absent condition. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of theoretical explanations for the development of the feature-presence bias. 相似文献